---

传送门

1. 明翰英语教学系列之方法篇
2. 明翰英语教学系列之音标篇
3. 明翰英语教学系列之名词篇
4. 明翰英语教学系列之动词篇
5. 明翰英语教学系列之形容词与副词篇
6. 明翰英语教学系列之冠词篇
7. 明翰英语教学系列之代词篇
8. 明翰英语教学系列之介词篇
9. 明翰英语教学系列之连词篇
10. 明翰英语教学系列之数词篇
11. 明翰英语教学系列之时态与语态篇
12. 明翰英语教学系列之句法篇
13. 明翰英语教学系列之口语篇
14. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思篇
15. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思听力篇
16. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思阅读篇
17. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思写作篇
18. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思口语篇
19. 明翰英语教学系列之雅思常见词汇与固定搭配篇
20. 明翰英语教学系列之PTE与多邻国篇
21. 明翰全日制英国硕士留学攻略
22. 明翰全日制英国硕士常见词汇与固定搭配

---

7. 写作 WRITING

雅思写作考试共计2个作文，
我们亲切的叫它们小作文和大作文，一共60分钟，
小作文要求至少150字，占1/3的分数，
建议20分钟搞定，前后误差不超过2分钟，
小作文千万不要超时，不然会给大作文留的时间特别仓促，
导致大作文质量低下。

大作文要求是250-300字，写到280字就已经很OK了，
超过300字将会是场灾难，
大作文占2/3的分数，建议40分钟搞定，前后误差不超过2分钟。

雅思写作考试需要自己有写作文的能力，也就是说，
你先得有用中文写作文的能力，再延伸到你的英语能力。

写作需要较强的单词+语法基础，除此之外，还需要让自己的文章有逻辑、结构、思路。

写作主要考察：内容+结构+词汇+语法。

小作文的原则是比较原则，使用比较级，最高级，而不是流水账，
而大作文则是解释原则，你需要去解释清楚你的观点，论据要分析、延展、解释。

中国考生在写作的平均分只有5.3分，写作与口语是传统中国学生的弱项。

写作一定要自己去写，并且考试前用过的句型必须是之前熟练使用的，
例如定语从句，不用轻易使用以前没有用过的句型，否则在考试时可能会写错。

哪怕都是简单句，也要优先保证语法的准确性，
语法准确了考官才会继续往下看内容。

7.1 写作评分标准

Task Achievement/Response(TA/TR)

主要考察"内容"是否达标，是否恰当地回答了所有写作要求？

Task Achievement(TASK 1，小作文)

写作任务完成情况，
需要找出图表中的[关键信息/特征数据]，遗漏重要的细节会被扣分，
在进行解释说明时，需要提供充分、适量的细节。

在描述涉及数据或形容趋势或过程中，需要确保其准确性，
需要从图表中总结出最为明显的趋势或特征，并不仅仅只是对话题的简单描述。

我们可以说：
从曲线图中我们可以明显地看出，在这个时间段内，
男性和女性的全职工作者人数都有所上升，
然而，女性人数总体呈增长趋势，而男性兼职人数则一直在波动。

在回答流程题的题目时，应该明确指出流程中的关键阶段，
例如要简要说明一共有多少个阶段，以及每一个阶段分别是什么。

分数	要求
7	* 写作内容涵盖写作任务的要求； * 清晰地呈现关于主要趋势、区别或不同阶段的概述； * 能就[主要内容/要点]进行清晰的呈现与强调，但未能更为充分地展开；
6	* 根据写作任务要求作文； * 选择恰当的信息进行概述； * 呈现并充分地强调了主要内容/要点，但有时含有不相关、不恰当或不准确的细节信息；
5	* 基本上能就写作任务作文，但某些地方写作格式有时存在不当之处； * 机械地描述细节，缺乏清晰的概述；有时未能提供数据支持所描述的内容； * 呈现但不能充分地涵盖[主要内容/要点]；有时出现着重表述细节的倾向；

Task Response(TASK 2，大作文)

作文题目的应答&回应，针对作文题目的应答是否正确且完整，
提出自己的观点，并使用论据来支持观点，
不跑题，有分析，有延展，有解释，否则会被扣分。

不要一个[理由/论点]只用一句话一笔带过，然后就立刻转移到下一个观点，
需要进行恰当的解释，可以引用例子或个人经历。

需要标出题干中的关键词，找出题干中有几部分，
确保每一部分都有完成，这是提分的关键，
没有充分理解题干、没有覆盖到题干关键词、以及跑题，
那就是5分，无论你的作文在其他方面写的有多好。

分数	要求
7	* 回应各部分写作任务； * 回应写作任务过程中始终呈现一个清晰的观点； * 呈现、发展主要论点并就其进行论证，但有时出现过于一概而论的倾向及/或论点缺乏重点的倾向；
6	* 回应了各个部分的写作任务，但某些部分的论证可能比其他部分更为充分； * 提出一个切题的观点，尽管各种结论有的时候不是很清晰或重复； * 提出了多个相关的主要论点，但某些论点可能未能充分展开进行论证或不甚清晰；
5	* 仅回应了部分写作任务；写作格式有时在某些地方不甚恰当； * 表述了一个观点，但展开论证过程未能保持一贯清晰，且可能缺乏结论； * 提出一些主要论点但十分有限，且未能充分展开论证；有时出现无关细节；

Coherence and Cohesion(CC)

主要考察"结构"，连贯性与衔接性，
连贯性指文章的流畅程度，段落结构恰当，整体上易于理解，
前后段落之间还有段落内的句子是否有关联有逻辑，
有相关的逻辑，有观点，句子与句子之间并不是独立存在的。

衔接性指连接词的使用，连接词用来帮助整合观点，连接词详见3.1.8.2章节，
并阐明段落、句子、句子成分之间的关系，连接词过多会适得其反。

例如：
on the one hand…on the other hand…
这是一对儿观点词，表示一方面、另一方面，
是对立的，有利弊的，并不是递进的感觉。

分数	要求
7	* 符合逻辑地组织信息及观点；清晰的行文推进贯穿全文； * 恰当地使用一系列衔接手段，尽管有时使用不足或过多； * 每个段落均有一个清晰的中心主题（大作文）；
6	* 连贯地组织信息及观点，总体来说，能清晰地推进行文发展； * 有效地使用衔接手段，但句内及/或句间的衔接有时有误或过于机械（不要总用这些连接词，用语义托起整个段落的内容，整个段落是承上启下的）； * 有时无法保持一贯清晰或恰当地使用指代； * 使用段落写作，但未能保持段落间的逻辑（大作文）；
5	* 有一定组织性地呈现信息，但总体来说有时缺乏清晰的总体行文推进； * 衔接手段不足、不准确或过度使用； * 由于指代和替换不足显得行文重复； * 没有使用段落写作，或者分段不足（大作文）；

Lexical Resource(LR)

词汇丰富程度，详见3.1.3章节。

分数	评分标准
7	* 使用足够的词汇（充分的单词量），体现一定灵活性及准确性； * 使用不常见词汇，对语体及搭配有一定认识（考生有文体和搭配的意识，能注重书面语和口语的区别）； * 在选择用词、拼写及/或构词方面可能偶尔出现错误；
6	* 使用足够的词汇（充分的单词量）开展写作任务； * 试图使用不常用词汇，但有时使用不准确； * 在拼写及/或构词方面（固定搭配）有错误，但不影响交流；
5	* 使用词汇范围有限（有限的的单词量，经常使用重复的词汇，不会做同义转换），但能达到进行写作任务的最低限度； * 在拼写及/或构词方面可能出现明显的错误，且可能会对读者造成一定的阅读困难；

Grammatical Range and Accuracy(GRA)

语法多样性及准确性，详见3.2章节。

分数	评分标准
7	* 运用各种复杂的语法结构（复杂句占大多数，考生可以用到多样且复杂的句子结构，不能都是定语从句，这样结构太单一了，要用到各种从句结构，做到多样性。如果能写出来从句嵌套从句或用3个连词连接4个从句，这种亮点，哪怕全文只出现一次，都会让考官刮目相看，从而加分）； * 多数句子准确无误； * 对语法及标点符号掌握较好，但有时出现少许错误；
6	* 综合使用简单句式与复杂句式（哪怕是重复反复出现都可以，如果一段话有10个句子，2-3个复杂句和7-8个简单句，简单句必须写对）； * 在语法及标点符号方面有一些错误，但这些错误很少影响交流；
5	* 仅能使用有限的语法结构（大篇幅的简单句）； * 试图使用复杂句，但复杂句的准确性常不及简单句的准确性； * 可能经常出现语法及标点符号使用的错误；这些错误会对读者造成一定的阅读困难；

7.2 写作题型

写作考试的时间为60分钟，先写大作文或先写小作文都没有问题，
中间没有收卷的环节，大家可以自由分配时间。

无论是大作文还是小作文，字写多了是不会扣分的，但字写多的问题就是时间不够用。
所以在保证质量的前提下，再尽可能多的一些字，是高分的保障，
建议先写小作文后写大作文，因为小作文是在给大作文预热。

7.2.1 小作文 TASK 1

小作文的文体主要是说明文，对一些图表里的数据进行分析，其中包括：
pie chart、line graph、bar chart、table、flow chart、map。
其中前4个是数据型，后2个是非数据型。

小作文主要是筛选、总结、归纳信息，报告图表中的主要特征，
关联数据做比较或找宏观趋势等，主要练得是大家的观察能力。

题干一般为：
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

7.2.1.1 数据型

雅思小作文出题频率最高的就是线、柱、饼、表。
四个图是可以互相转化的，虽然外形不一样，但数据是一样的。

所谓的图的作用就是把呆板的数据可视化，活灵活现的呈现出来，
以更方便人类去查看，相同的数据可以拿不同的图去呈现。

可能会出现两种不同的图表组合到一起的情况，被称为组合图，概率较低。
如果图表中没有提及时间，一般属于静态图，
数据会随着时间的推移而变化属于动态图。

可能会出现组合型小作文，就是任意2个数据型图凑到一起，出题频率较低。

7.2.1.1.1 饼图题 Pie Chart（低频）

由若干扇面(segments)组成，各部分为不平衡&不均匀的比例，
常用百分比表示数据。

7.2.1.1.2 线形图题 Line Graph

包括直线、折线、曲线等等，
对于同时出现多个线图的复杂题，不要慌，解题思路是一样的，
我们需要把数据做过滤、精选、筛选。

线形图题一般是动态图，随着横轴时间段的推移，纵轴的数据发生变化。

7.2.1.1.3 柱状图&条形图 Bar Chart（最高频）

看柱的长短来比大小最为常见（静态图），
但是偶尔也会有互动形成的变化趋势（动态图）。

一组数据中可以存在好几个柱形数据，
这些组内的柱形数据也需要比较，
跨组之间的数据也可以进行比较。

7.2.1.1.4 表格题 Table （高频）

如果是动态表格题，则需要在卷纸上用箭头标画出每个项目的升降走势，
自己分析出是否极具变化（是否有倍数关系？）还是缓慢变化等特征数据。

表格题中的"Total"列内容一定要写，并且最好写在主旨句中。

TIPS：
form和table的区别是什么？
table是用来呈现数据的，而form是让你用来填写表单的。

7.2.1.2 非数据型

7.2.1.2.1 流程图题 Flow Chart（低频）

流程图题里会出现一些有技巧性的短语、单词，
你可能之前没有听过或不熟悉这些短语、生词，所以可能会有点慌。

一般会有5-6个步骤，每个步骤都不能省略，
必须要写，可以有详略之分。

7.2.1.2.2 地图题 Map

文章中没有数据呈现，基本上是1张地图或2张地图，单图出现概率非常低，
2张地图一般是给2个时间，对比2张图的变化。

地图一般描画的是某个地点（学校、小区、城镇、旅游景点等）
A，过去的外貌和现在对比；
B，现在外貌和未来可能的外貌对比；
C，过去、现在和预期未来外貌的对比；

7.2.2 大作文 TASK 2

大作文主要是对一些社会性的话题进行描述的议论文，
大作文的文体是议论文，argumentation，
需要考生去主观分析，考官在乎你是否能自圆其说，
是否有充分的论据、理由、例子来支持你的说法。

议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证。

例如：

1. 年轻人越来越喜欢换工作了，优点和缺点是什么？
2. 政府是否应该向老年人收税？

在大作文中，有的题是题干核心内容不变，提问方式改变，中心意思是差不多的，
写作是一个大循环，可能是考的3-4年前的题，新瓶装旧酒。

[辩论/议论]类

我们可以使用"一边倒"，“平衡”，"让步反驳"等写法。

利弊分析（高频）

需要分析两边并给出自己的看法（利大于弊或弊大于利），
利和弊都需要分析和讨论。

What are the advantages and disadvantages?
Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Do you think this is a positive or negative situation?

同意与否（最高频）

问你的观点，你是否同意，你只能有一种立场，
我们可以运用批判性思维，虽然同意A，但B的好处也说一些。

当然我们也可以使用"利弊"的角度来进行分析，与"利弊分析"有点像，
一般题干出现极端词汇的内容，一般都是比较容易反驳的。

What’s your opinion?/(To what extend) Do you agree or disagree?

双边讨论（高频）

虽然也询问你的立场，但与上面不同的是，这种题型是双边的立场都让你讨论，
而不是是让你只选一边的立场，有点像两个同意与否/观点题的叠加组合。

这种题完全可以做到55开，两边说的都对，都认同。
先双边讨论，再给出观点，开头不给出立场，结尾再明确观点。

Discuss both views and give your opinion.

报告类

追因求解/原因措施（低频）

报告类题干一般会有2个问题，千万不要遗落，2个问题都要回答。
这种题型比较温和，没有上面很强烈的对抗或争执，
没有论点上的PK，不需要自己的立场，
它只是很直白的问当今有某种社会问题，
是什么【原因】造成了这些问题，分析一下，
然后【解决方案】或【影响】是什么？

要么是考【原因】+【解决方案】，
要么是考【原因】+【影响】。

问题是需要被解决的，影响是不需要被解决的。

What do you think the [reasons/causes]?
What do you think are the causes of this situation?
Can you suggest some solutions?

（问题）需要解决

PRS=problem、reasons and solutions.
追因求解：问题、原因、解决方案，
比较严重的问题才需要解决，而不是问其影响。

（现象）不需要解决

PCE=phenomenon、causes and effects.
追因求影响：现象、原因、影响。

其他类

组合出题（低频）

题干会问了2个问题，例如：
What do you think are the reason?
Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

注意审题，千万不要漏答其中的一个问题，否则会被扣大分，基于这种题型，
7分段以下的选手可以采用4段写法，中间第1段写原因，第2段写2个利1个弊。

未完待续。

7.3 数据型小作文解题思路

小作文其实不难，只要把固定的短语与搭配记住且会找数据的特征即可。

写小作文一定要客观描述，
就是从把图里的数据客观的用文字呈现出来就可以了，否则会扣分。

千万不要像写议论文一样，增加自己的小点评、小分析、小感想，
不要脑补出来一些主观信息，在结尾的时候不需要任何的总结和升华。

小作文是依据客观信息，主观加工总结的呈现，不是主观随意添加内容。
小作文一般不太需要连接词，句子间的逻辑关系比较少。

小作文如果写的特别快，可能会有信息的遗漏，
有一些有特征的信息你并没有把它找出来，以至于扣分。

小作文如果写的特别慢，可能会罗列了一些不计分的信息，
会导致后面大作文没有时间写一个漂亮的结尾。

小作文中不能有因果关系，不能添加主观猜测、假设，不能有if，because，
小作文的表达与大作文有相似之处，例如尽量减少重复描述，做同义替换。

6种基本句型里至少用到3种，从句有2-3句点缀就很好了，
and、but、while、whereas能够用到这个级别的连词来衔接前后句子，
就是复杂句，因为前后有两套主谓结构的句子。

仔细看一下标题、题干、横轴坐标等图表中的信息，
注意图标中的单位，可能是billion kWh，不要忘记billion。

单位可能是Thousands of Dollars，在给数据的时候别忘了再加000。

7.3.1 判断静态图还是动态图

如果小作文的题型是线/柱/饼/表这四种数据类，
则需要优先判断当前的图是静态图还是动态图。

动与静的写法、策略都不一样，
一般静态图是写比大小，动态图是写趋势，描写升降。

图之间是只是表现形式不一样，允许互相转换，
遇到比较复杂困难的图，则可以自己在考卷上转化成简单图，
如果是静态图则可以转化成柱状图（柱状图体现高低），
动态图可以转化成线形图（线形图体现升降），
这样就可以很容易看出宏观特征与趋势。

静态图

没有升降&前后的规律变化，所以是静态的，没有时间（或只有一个时间），
只能比大小，一定要写对比，用一般现在时，静态图一般数据点顺序可以改变。

动态图

随着时间的推移，存在2个或2个以上的时间，聚焦在数据升降变化上的描述，
“变"就是"动”，所以叫动态图，
所以关键在于看出变化的宏观趋势，随着时间的变化而变化。

动态图一般横轴是从上向下或从左向右有规律的变化，
并且数据点顺序不能被改变、被颠倒。

可以偶尔出现一点比大小，但是以升降变化为主流描述方向。

小作文跑题

小作文中也会有跑题，动态数据与静态数据看不准，就会发生跑题现象。
例如两个饼图，左侧是2011年国家A的数据，右侧是2012年国家B的数据，
其实本身是个静态图，但如果误以为是动态图的话，就会发生逻辑错误，
例如我们写成：“如图所示，数据从原来多少多少降低到了多少多少”。
我们可以比大小，但不能说国家A变成了国家B这种情况。

有的图很有迷惑性，感觉上好像是有规律有波动的，但其实也是静态图。

7.3.2 判断时态

小作文的时态特别重要，因为这个知识点经常会被我们忽视掉，
小作文里不会出现：现在进行时、过去进行时。

小作文里可用的时态有：
一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般将来时。

错误：
It was increasing.

正确：
It increased.

【静态图时态】
如果图表中给过去的时间，例如1994年，就用过去时，
如果没有给时间就用一般现在时。

【动态图时态】
像1940-2010这种（假设目前是2020年），都是发生在过去，就用过去时态。

如果是1940-2040，找到2020年，这里前后时态一定要断开，
从以前到现在，用过去时，increased，rose，
从现在到未来，需要说预计上升：
is expected to，is predicted to，estimated，projected。

注意现在的时态，站在现在预测未来，所以用is，而不是will be。

7.3.3 找特征数据

雅思小作文主要是找图中的明显特征(features)数据点，就是值得描述的地方，
我们需要使用多样化的句型来承载这些特征点。

小作文考试中，图表中数据量一般会很多（20-30个数据点），
无法逐个对比，应该如何解题呢？

需要做类比（analogy）&筛选&归类，留下不到一半的数据点，
把图内数据按相似性分组，形成范围比较。

不是所有的数据点都要写，时间不够用，也没有必要，更不符合题目要求，
没有特征的数据不用提，需要有取舍，只写一些关键的，比较有特点的数据。

找数据特征的时候直接在卷上勾画&编号就可以，节省时间，
比如，分两组A/B，每组4个数据：A1,A2,A3,A4、B1,B2,B3,B4，
这就类似大作文的大纲，后面行文中可以更多专注词汇、文法句式，
不用分身去图里各种找特征点了。

找特征数据的能力与英语水平没有关系，跟逻辑、归纳总结有很大关系。
静态图的特征数据有：
最值（最[高/低/大/小]、第二[高/低/大/小]）、相同、相似、[倍数/分数]关系，
而且要先描述重要的、特征突出的部分，再描述次要的地方，注意顺序。
例如可以先说大的，再说小的，再说其他特征（倍数/相似等等）。

动态图的特征数据有：
时间段内的最值（最高点和最低点）；
持续的数据（基本）不变的阶段；
急剧&平缓的[上升/下降]阶段；
明显&频繁波动的阶段，在波动中[上升/下降]，可能有多次；
（线图）相交的点（1个把另1个反超）；
与大趋势相逆，大部分在降，少部分在升；
两条线重叠的地方；

时间段的起始点与终结点，线形图比较注重时间段的首尾，
只有定下来首尾，才知道趋势是升还是降。

如何描述数据

数据表达

数据一般有两种方式呈现，一种是百分比percentage，
一种是数值number。

数值

数据没有办法自己蹦出来，需要由介词来引导，
,[at/with] + 数据，用这2个介词来引出静态的数据。

It then reached the peak, at 500, in the next year.

百分比

注意，percentage与percent的区别：
percentage是抽象概念，percent是具体的数据，不要写反了。

30 percent = 30% = 30 per cent

比较low的表达方式是一个主系表结构：
The average percentage is 30%.

The most popular foreign language is English among teenagers,which is 78% of the chart.

比较高及的表达方式，动词短语表示占比例：
account for
make up
represent

A [make up/represent/account for] 26% of the total survey.

… , which [make up/represent/account for] 22 percent of the chart.
非限定从

分别

respectively用来表示"分别"，放在数据的后面，
中国的产电与用电分别是100 and 200 respectively。

only 9 and 7 percent of teenagers choose A and B respectively.

… , which make up 26% and 24% of the preferences respectively.

范围

from 50 to 100

ranging from 50 to 1000
在…范围内

最值

最高&多&大、最低&少&小，也可以考虑第二高&多&大、第二低&少&小，
动态图与静态图都可以使用"最值"。

London has the [longest/shortest] subway.

A is the most popular food of all, because they [account for/make up/represent] the largest [proportion/percentage] of the chart, at 33 perent.

A is the most popular fastfood in the survey, at 38%.

Ranking the [first/second], the subway in London is …
排名第[1/2]，is后面可直接跟数据。

The least popular fast food in this survey is …
最不流行的是

London takes the [lead/leading position] in terms of …
排名第一，在…方面/就…而言

following that, …
it is followed by … ,which …
表示之后次序的，例如中国是第一，那之后美国就是第二，
可以用上述表达来引出美国。

B is the second most popular, and this makes up 26 percent of the total survey(高级词汇).

比较级与最高级之间可以转换，比其他都长，那就是最长。

比较

比较级可以用：
more,less,fewer

最高级可以用：
the most,the least,fewest

B, ranking the [first/second] with 30%, is much more welcomed than C.

The percentage of males who held master’s degree was 20% higher than that of females.

The subway in London is [longer/shorter] than that in any other cities.

A is less popular than B.
A没有B那么流行
A比B更不流行

Fewer students play sport than watch TV.

[up to/as much as]
多达

[only/a mere/no more than]
仅仅

[top/exceed/in excess of]
超过

[less than/below/under]
少于

Those under 45(who got to know the related advertisement) were slightly more than the ones over 45.

[more than/over/above]
多于

下列内容可以用于多组柱状图比较：

while 而，然而（用于对比、比较，左右都有主谓结构）
Both companies spent the most money on television promotion, with A spent $25000 while B spent $20000.

whereas 而，然而（用于对比、比较，左右都有主谓结构）
A spent the second highest amount on newspaper advertising, at approximately $125000, whereas B spent only about $75000 on this type.

in contrast 相对比之下（用于对比、比较）
这个路标出来之后，判卷人就知道下面的内容会是截然相反的风格。
In contrast, A spent twice as much(倍数关系+同级比较) on the Internet as B, at $10000 and $20000 respectively.

大约

在一些线状图或柱状图，可能没办法看清楚准确数据，
所以需要用这些词来形容不精准数据。

小作文数据较多，有些数据不是很直观，
可能会让我们运用到一些加减乘除的计算来呈现数据，
如果数据不太精准也没事，得到一个大概的值即可，可以使用"大约"。

[approximately/about/around]

关于

about

in relation to…
This graph reveals the test scores of primary school children in relation to the hours they spend doing homework.

concerning

regarding

over

as to

依赖

rely on …

depend on …

be addicted to …

[分数/倍数]关系

分数与倍数可以互相转化，A是B的3分之1等于B是A的3倍，
建议使用其中一种就可以，
倍数关系，还要加上数据，一般写1-2个特征点即可。

A is 3 times of B.

… ,which was 2.5 times of the younger age group.

A had a significantly higher production,being 3 times of B’s.

[double/triple/quadruple]
[twofold/threefold/fourfold]
2/3/4倍

A doubles the figure for B.
A是B的2倍，double/triple/quadruple可以用作动词。

There was a fourfold rise in Brazilian student enrolments.

[two/three/four] times … as … as …
[two/three/four] times more than …

The number of your apples is four times as large as that of mine.
你的苹果比我的多4倍

The number of your apples is three times larger than that of mine.
我的苹果比你的多3倍

【倍数关系+同级比较】

两倍于…
twice as [much/many] … as…

Those over 45 are 25 thousand,and it is 2.5 times as many people as the under 45 age group.(5.5分)

A spent twice as much money as B on charities,at 200000 and 100000 respectively.

A spent twice as much on the Internet as B.

There is a one third gap between B,with 20 kilograms and C,at 30 kilograms.
gap=差距,a one third gap = 1/3的差距。

The number of students who came from China,at 35000,was more than twice the number of Indian students, at 15000.

差值

一般是最大值减最小值，但如果文中有提及最值，则可以忽略。
也可以是同一组柱图内的对比，
例如：美国自己的产电量与用电量的差值，
也可以用于几分之几的差距。

所谓的[相似/相等]，就是差值最小。

[disparity/difference/gap]

The [disparity/difference/gap] of males and their counterparts in terms of master’s degree was 20%.

The [disparity/difference/gap] of A and B is 数量.

The [amount/number/percentage] of A is 数量 [higher/larger] than that of B.
percentage与higher搭配，[amount/number]与larger搭配。

相等/相似

数值相等或相似，左右数量一致的对比，一般写1-2个特征点即可。
动态图与静态图都可以使用"相等/相似/不变"。

A is similar to B.
A and B are similar.

A is equal to B.
A and B are the same.

the same as...
（扩展，没有as same as…这种表达，但有the same as…）

There are 10 thousand people under 45 who saw the advertisement on TV.
It is the same as on billboard.(5.5分)
注意：10 thousand表示10万人，不用加s，thousands则表示成千上万，含糊的数据。

For the media of TV,there were 10 thousand audiences under 45 knowing the advertising,which was the same as the figure by billboard.

表示升降趋势

升降趋势的表达主要用于动态图。

有些词有动词、名词两种词性：
rise,increase,decrease,drop,fall

例句：
It then increased.
Then,there was an increase.

细节可以看这张官方图片：

起始

[started at …/began at…]

上升

rise,increase,climb,grow,go up,improve

【稳步上升】
rose slightly
slightly higher
grew steadily
steady rise
moderate growth

The viewing time is slightly higher for the 45 to 54 age group,at about 2.1 hours,and increases to 2.6 hours for the people who are 55 to 64 years old.

increase by
上升了

increase to
上升到

… increased from 6000 to 72000…

… ,and the viewing time increases with age.
看电视时长伴随着年龄的增长而增长

【急剧上升】
increased sharply
dramatic increase
increase dramatically
rose significantly
grew significantly
climbed quickly

There was a [significant/dramatic] [rise/increase] in the number of A, which went from 3500 to 5100.

【达到峰值/最高】

[increased/reached] the peak

peaked

increased to the peak

… ,whereas those over 45 reached the peak, with 25000…

下降

go down,drop,fall,decrease,dip,decline,reduce,less,dropped back

decrease by
下降了

decrease to
下降到

A decreased to 22000.

【急剧下降】
decrease dramatically
dropped sharply
fell sharply
massive reduction
significant decrease
fell significantly

There was a significant decrease in numbers from A, although it still remained the largest group.

【缓慢下降】
moderate dip
declined gradually
steady fall

… ,but decreases slightly to around 1.8 average hours for the viewers who are 35 to 44.

There was a small decrease in the number of A, from 6000 in 2000 to 4000 in 2005.

【最低点】
[reached/dropped to] the lowest point
下降到最低点

landed to the bottom

波动

fluctuate,change

… with fluctuations

changed considerably [kənˈsɪdərəbli]
极大的改变

In 2005, the proportion of students changed considerably.

不变/稳定

remain,stay,maintain,unchanged,steady,stable,level,remained inconsistent,levelled off,maintained the same level,a similar geowth pattern,the overall trend.

it then remained unchanged for + 时间

A stayed mostly unchanged,at 16000.

remain relatively stable

It fell sharply over the next three years to about 95 million in 1992 and remained relatively stable after that at between 96 and 90 million birds.

It kept unchanged.

it stayed steady.
表现力和意思精准度大于be动词

It was stable.

[they then crossed/A then overtook反超 B]
相交

终点

ended at …

综合

The number of A [rose/dropped] [slightly/sharply] over this ten-year period.

This increased to a peak of about 126 million in 1980, and then dropped sharply over the next six years to approximately 98 million in 1986.

The average test score decreases as the number of viewing hours increases.
随着看电视时间的上升，平均分在下降。

The average test score decreases as the hours increases.

年份表达

时间日期表达多用于动态图。

from 1988 to 2008
表示连续阶段，从1988到2008，而不是2个独立的年份

between 1988 to 2008
注意，不是between and。

from 2000 until 2009

in 1988.

for …

[over/during] the next five years.
下个5年

in 5 yearly intervals
每隔五年

7.3.4 小作文分段

小作文中需要分段，分段不正确也会被扣分，小作文可以分4-5段，正常是4段，
开头结尾各1段，中间2段（把数据特征分为2波），如果5段的话那就是中间3段，
时间可能会不够用，主体段的数量主要看数据分多少组。

小作文开头段（20字左右）

Introduction，使用介绍句构成开头段，开头段里不要上来就描述数据+写特征，
要先介绍图的类型和背景信息，
这是一个什么图，图例是什么样的背景信息。

一般我们只需要改写题目即可，
需要考虑：词性、句子结构（如定语从句）、同义词方面的改写。
大小作文开篇第一句都不能照抄原文中的背景信息词汇，需要有自己的改写，
需要做同义替换，如果照抄题目，就是5分的范儿。

或者我们可以完全换个写法，句子大概意思不变，这样更好，
否则考官可能会认为你没有看懂题目才会照抄。

用一般现在时即可，注意主谓一致。

相关同义替换请参考3.1.5章节。

简单句 -> 定语从句
below,following -> 去掉
可数名词 -> [the number of …/ how many]
不可数名词 -> [the amount of …/how much]

小作文名词同义替换例子：
the number of students from China.
the number of students who came from China.
Chinese student number.
numbers from China.
the number of Chinese students.

题干：
The chart below shows the percentage of households in owned and rented accommodation in England and Wales between 1918 and 2011.

替换：
The graph reveals the proportion of households which lived in owned and rented accommodation in England and Wales from 1918 to 2011.

题干：
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.

替换：
The table reveals the percentage of different types of Australian families who lived in poverty in 1999.

题干：
The bar chart below shows the top ten countries for the production and consumption of electricity in 2014.

替换：
The chart reveals [the amount of/how much] electricity that was produced and consumed by the top ten countries in 2014.

题干：
The number of students from Somalia increased(动词) significantly(副词).

替换：
There was a significant(形容词) increase(名词) in the number of students from Somalia.
用there be句型+词性替换

小作文主体段（2-3段，100-120字左右）

主体段为图例特征的详细描述为主，
数据展示为辅，主体段一般分为2-3段，
详细描述图表里的信息，这里一定要充满充分的数据，
而开头段则不要有数据。
因为时间有限，每个主体段写4-5完整句子即可。

每一句描述都需要有数据的支持，忘记写数据或数据不够就是5分，
你用了8句话进行描述，那文中至少有8个或8组数据在文中存在。

从图中抄单词时，需要注意单复数，
在图上的单词可能是单数，是因为图标的原因，
自己写的时候需要是复数形式。

主体段可以按图表分、按类目分、按特征分主体段。

按图表分：
如果是组合图，则2个主体段，1个图写1段，组合图里每个图不会特别复杂特别难，
如果是双饼图这种情况则需要2个主体段。

按类目分：
表格题会有行列之分，如果有3列，我们可以写3个主体段，
线状图则是1条线写1个主体段，柱状图则是1个柱写1个主体段，
饼状图则是一个扇面写1个主体段。

按特征分：
按照数据的特征分，比较复杂，例如3个数据点是男性大于女性，
可以把这3个分在1个主体段，
其他数据点是男性小于女性，则可以写1个主体段。
静态图可以按[大小/高低]，动态图可以按照升降趋势、区间来分段。

看图中数据的特性，找共同点找规律，按共性分组、按共性分拨，化繁为简，
把一道复杂的题拆成2-3道简单的小题，这也是小作文的比较原则，横纵都有分组的可能，
分成几组，就有几段，最少分2段，至多分3段，分组是分段的基础。

可以按时间分、地点分、上升的一组、下降的一组等等。

什么叫共性？
如果是静态图，3条线高的在一起，2条线低的在一起。
如果是动态图，有3条线上升的在一起，有2条线下降的在一起。

拿"各国产用电情况"举例：
按照图表的形状，我们发现一些中国与美国明显的数据特点（中美的产用电都很大），
把中国和美国分一段，其他的国家分为一段。

主旨句

主体段第一句如果条件允许的情况下，
描写分段依据即可，即为什么把这些数据分成1段（主要特征或趋势）。

例如：“很显然，从图中可以得出中国与美国的用电量与产电量远远高于其他国家。”

It is clear from the [table/chart/graph] that …
It can be seen from the [table/chart/graph] that …

特征数据描述

主旨句后面就是各种数据描述了，表达方式与找特征数据的方法请参考7.3.3章节。
下面是列举一些例子。

【静态饼图例子】
中美（主体段1）：
从图表中可以看出中国与美国的产电用电量都远远高于其他国家，
中国的产电和用电是最高的，分别是xxxx与xxxx（最值）。
美国紧随其后，美国的产电和用电分别大概比中国少了xxxx与xxxx（差值），
美国的的产电和用电的差异性是最大的（最值）。

其他国（主体段2）：
巴西的产电量是中国的十分之一（分数关系），
俄罗斯是产电用电的差异性是最小的，大约是xxxx。（相等/相似），
德国是唯一一个用电比产电大的国家，大约多了xxxx（差值），
韩国的产电用电是最少的，是排名的最后一位，大约是xxxx到xxxx（最值）。

【静态表格图例子】
CountryUnemployment rates(%)

	Both sexes	Male	Female
Australia	6.5	6.7	6.5
Belize	12.7	8.9	20.3
Japan	4.7	4.9	4.5
Morocco	22.0	20.3	27.6
Netherlands	3.3	2.6	4.2

摩洛哥普遍高于伯利兹整体上来看；
Overall, Morocco’s figures were higher than Belize’s in all three groups generally.

摩洛哥女性明显最高，达到了27.6；
Obviously, Morocco’s females had/saw the peak,at 27.6%.

摩洛哥男性（20.3）是伯利兹男性（8.9）的两倍多；
There were more than twice as many men in Morocco, with 20.3%, who had no job as those in Belize, with 8.9%.

两国男性都低于女性的数据；
Gentlemen prevailed in the aspect of finding a paid job in both countries over the ladies.

摩洛哥男性数据等于伯利兹女性数据，都是20.3；
There were 20.3% of males in Morocco, which is more than two times of it in Belize with females, at 8.9%.

Both men from Morocco and women in Belize found them in equality with respect to the rate(20.3 percent)

Both gender groups had the same rate(20.3 percent) in the aspects of males from Morocco and females in Belize being unemployed respectively.

【静态图7-8分范文】
A and B show similar patterns of use. In both countries, around 40 to 50% of people went to either a nurse or a hospital clinic for medical care, whereas fewer than 10 percent visited a general practitioner and visits to a specialist were rare.

In C and D, GPS were used(被动语态是亮点) as often as hospital clinics, at about 35 and 25 percent respectively, but people also frequently visited nurses, around 35% in Bratistan and 25% in Selenia. Although specialist consultations were fairly uncommon in Selenia, alomost 15% used specialists in Bratistan.

E has a very [different/unique] [pattern/profile] of health care. Here, the family doctor was used most commonly(nearly 45 percent) and specialists and hospitals were level = equal on nearly 20%. People were less accustomed to(习惯于，这里算是大胆的转述表达了) calling on(拜访) a nurse and only about 15 percent did this.

【动态图例子】
As shown in the chart, the figure started at 100, as the bottom, in the year of 1995.（100是最低值）

Then, there was a huge rise, reaching 500, which was the peak, over the following half a decade.（在5年内500是峰值）

What can be seen afterwards was a sharp decrease, whose impact was a reduction of more than half, landing at 230 in 2005.

By the end of the first decade in the new millennium, it had a consistent production with the previous data.
与上一阶段持平

A bouncing trend made the figure back to the [acme/peak] during the five years following.

小作文结尾段（20-30字左右）

描述趋势或特征的综述&总结句，图的整体特征或变化趋势的综述句，
这是小作文中最重要的句子，如果全文中没有综述句，会被扣分，
但切记不要赘述，不要重复，总结不要出现任何数字&数据，
找图内的最大基本特征。

可以再说伴随着波动（时间的推移）上升&下降等等。

此句的标志一般为：
[in general/overall/to sum up/to summarize].（整体来看），

In general, teenagers prefer hamburgers,pizza and French fries.

Overall, audiences/people are fond of Isabella Swan, Edward Cullen and Jacob Black.

后面可以再跟一个in particular，表示"尤其"：
In general, there was an increase in the price of oil, and, in particular, from 1995 to 2000.

Overall, the number of students dropped slightly over the five-year period, and in particular, the number of Chinese students halved over the period.

Overall, the number of immigrants rose slightly over this ten-year period and, in particular, there was a significant increase in immigration from New Zealand, which had the largest number of arrivals in 2005.

根据动静不同，可以有不同风格的综述句。
静态图：
静态图没有升降描述，只有基于比大小特征的综述，例如：
“基本上图中所有国家的产电量都大于用电量，中美用/产电量特别多。”

动态图：
动态图聚焦在升降变化的描述，所以关键在于看出变化的宏观趋势，
可以说"伴随着波动（时间的推移）上升&下降等等"。
有的柱图可以写成动静结合的综述句。

所以，下面哪句更符合overall？

A.so the oldest group has the most reliance on watching TV.
B.and the older groups have more dependence than younger ones on TV.

综述句覆盖的东西越多越好，A描述的太微观了，故选B。

7.4 大作文解题思路

大作文的时态基本上是一般现在时，
也可以存在现在进行、现在完成、一般现在等等。

审题

无论是大作文还是小作文，真正写作之前都必须要先审题+列大纲，有了骨架再填肉，
真正写作之前先梳理出框架与[观点/论据]，确定其相关性，
然后再将[观点/论据]进行分类和排序，用2-3分钟整理大纲可以节省写作时间。
把用大脑思考的工作放在最前面，不要在后面一边想一边写，很浪费时间，
并且很有可能写出来的东西驴唇不对马嘴。

大作文跑题

由于对题干的疏忽&误解，从而导致思路混乱或跑题，跑题的大作文最多5-5.5分。

一定需要在审题时去划题干中的关键词，找准关键词的含义，
争取在主体段中覆盖到这些关键词，所谓的完整回应题目。

在练习时，可以把这些关键词拿去google、bing，
会找到一些在汉语语境中没有的思路。

例如：
Some people think that the best way to reduce the time of traveling to work is to replace the gardens and parks which are located in the city centers with apartment buildings.
Do you agree or disagree?

看到题干后，我们可能首先认错travel to work，认为跟旅行有一些关系，
但其实travel to work其实是"去上班"的意思。

题干大意为：
一些人认为减少通勤时间的最好方式是将市中心的花园换成居民楼，你同意吗？

我的第一反应是不同意，[论据/理由]：

1. 城市中要有一些绿化、休闲、放松的地方；
2. 市中心如果都是楼会给人带来一些无形的压力；
3. 工作、生活难以分开；

上述论据全部都跑题了，为什么？
题干问：“减少通勤时间的最好方式”，
上述3个论据全部没有在讨论"减少通勤时间的最好方式"，
而是跑题成在讨论"花园变居民楼"。

接着来，这个题目的优点是：“家与工作单位离得近，可以走着去减少时间”
但是不是最好的方式呢？

类似于这种观点类的题型会出现一种极端的表达方式：
[best/most important/everyone/all/only]

苹果手机是最好的手机吗？
不否认苹果手机有一定的优点，但就代表它是最好的手机吗？不见得。

这种极端题，尽量不要写"同意"，因为难度太大，
你很难证明苹果手机就是最好的手机。

主体段1:
先承认有好处（不能包括极端词），之后写2个[论据/理由]。

主体段2：
反驳极端词，不是[最好/最重要]，有比这个[更好/更重要的/的不足/的例外]，
之后写2个[论据/理由]。

审题时，需要找到题干中的议论词（公园变公寓），
找到题干中的限定词（减少通勤时间的最好方式），要围绕限定词来讨论，才能保证不跑题。

主体段1：
花园变成居民楼确实有好处，距离缩短，时间缩短，上班可以走着去，市中心的出行方式是多种多样的，例如：地铁、共享单车、开车、步行等，根据交通的情况去挑选最合适的出行方式，具体解释一下，如果遇到堵车，那我可以选择地跌，或者是汽车等等。

主体段2：
但不是最好的，它会有一些不足，(不足)市中心的人口很密集，交通拥堵，如果是增加了市中心的人口密度，反而会加剧拥挤的程度。(更好)公司可以采用灵活的上班制度允许员工在非高峰时期去上班，可以解约通勤时间。

大作文分段

我们来对比一下汉语文章与英文文章的区别：
汉语文章主要是"分->总"结构，
汉语文章喜欢散文范儿，形散而神不散，
很潇洒，很飘逸，没有丝丝入扣的那种强烈的逻辑感，
前面先铺垫，在结尾的时候再点题再给出主旨再升华。

而雅思写作或者英语学术写作喜欢步步为营，
很机械，前后逻辑观点非常清晰非常紧密，
上来直接给主旨，之后给原因，给例子，
一步一步从头到尾的论证，目的不是为了潇洒，
而是为了说服你，让你同意我的观点。

一般雅思大作文写作结构为："总->分->总"结构，
大作文的开头段是全文的"总"，
后面的主体段（除了开头段和结尾段都叫主体段）是详细论证。
开头明确立场（总），中间求证&验证立场（分），结尾（总），
一般大作文是4-5段为宜，初级选手是写4段，开头1段、结尾1段、中间2段。

一般判卷人只有1分半的时间去看你的2个作文，
平均用10秒看1段，如果结构逻辑清晰合理，
先总后分，判卷人就会很清晰的知道你的立场，
就比较容易判分和给分。

判卷人在看你的作文时，不会慢慢去欣赏，
他们是持怀疑论的，但是通过你详细的逻辑，
清晰的脉络，再加上精准的有说服力的词汇和语法，
以及对论点的延展与解释，去最终说服他同意你的观点。

反例就是他看你写了很多字，
发现看了一遍没找到你的核心观点是什么，
或者没有注意到，那就很容易扣分。

开头段与结尾段几句话就可以，
但中间段的字数会非常多，因为需要有分析，
有论证，有延展等，字数不多没有说服力，
即便你的[论据/理由]很到位，
但如果没有合理的延展和解释，
依然无法说服那个充满怀疑论的判卷人。

大作文的时间是40分钟，至少给自己2分钟的时间来构思+审题，
2分钟的时间用来检查，速度是可以通过刻意训练来完成的。

大作文开头段（“总”，40-50字左右，5分钟左右）

Introduction，开头段的句子有顺序且非常有逻辑，需要层次清晰的递进，
一层一层的延展，不是一锅粥的感觉，开头段一般2-3句话即可，
判卷人不会重点看开头段，不要套太多模板。

【双边讨论】模板1（简单）：
There is some debate about whether …

【双边讨论】模板2（简单）：
People have different views about …

People have different views about how children should be taught. While there are some good arguments in favour of teaching children to be competitive, I believe that it is better to encourage co-operation.

【双边讨论】模板2（困难）：
Some have this thought that … , while some others hold this belief [of + 短语…/that + 句子…]

1.改写题目

改写背景，引入话题，摆明[矛盾/问题]，
切记不要照抄题目，要自己做同义替换或者换一种写法不用模板，比较灵活。

例如：
随着社会的发展，现在大家在争论的话题是…
有些人认为怎么怎么样…

Now, many parents care about their children’s education.But about when to start foreign language learning, there is debate.

【追因求解】模板1：
Currently, it is true that …

Currently, It is true that children’s behaviour seems to be getting worse. There are various reasons for this, and both schools and parents need to work together to improve the situation.

【双边讨论】模板1：
Nowadays, more and more teenagers are using cell phones, and cell phone sales to young people have greatly increased. (引出话题)There is some debate about whether(宾语从句) cellphones are dangerous for teenagers.
Some people believe they add to teenagers’ social problems while others feel they make their lives safer and more conveninet.（摆明矛盾问题）

【利弊分析】模板1：
Currently, no one dares to deny that the issue of …
has been the public focus over the past years.

Currently, no one dares to deny that the issue of whether the non-academic art or athletics subjects are less useful than academic ones.

Currently, no one dares to deny that the issue of social media is bringing us advantages or disadvantages has been the public focus over the past years.

In recent years it has become more common for women to return to work after having a child. However, I do not agree that this has been the cause of problems for young people.

2.明确观点，给出立场（可省略）

阐明自己的观点，只有【同意与否】与【利弊分析】才会在开头段出现自己的立场，
或者有时题目不问观点，则这部分可以省略，
在【双边讨论】题型时，第一段也尽量不要出现自己的观点，留到最后一段才好。

My perspective is that (有正有反，正面观点) …
though(反面观点，[批判思维/让步]开始) …

My perspective is that student’s all-round development is the only correct direction of education though there is the reality of passing examinations and graduation.

利弊分析模板：
I, personally, hold the firm belief that [the pros outweigh the cons(利大于弊)/the cons outweigh the pros(弊大于利)]. The former(前者) are shown in … while the latter(后者) include …(利弊各主论据浓缩一下写在后面，用短语就可以，不要用句子)
I, personally, hold the firm belief that the pros outnumber their counterparts. The former are shown in making global friends easily and the sending of messages instantly, while the latter include being cheated and waste of precious time.

3.过渡下文（可省略）

如果前面的字太多的话，则这块也可以省略掉，
如果前面有合并或者字数过少，则可以用这个来填补层次与字数。

The detail could be found in the following essay.

I will show you the relevant details in the following part of the essay.

The following essay will elaborate more about the relevant details.

大作文主体段（"分"，200字左右）

Body Paragraph，大作文拿分的大头就在主体段，非常重要。

主体段一般有2-3个，7分以下选手写2个，7分及以上选手写3个，
至少2个主体段才够说服力，2个主体段的字数相差不要太多。

通过不同的题型，我们可以这样分主体段：

利弊分析：
1利1弊，后面要有比较，对比一下利弊。

同意与否：
1[同意/不同意]1让步反驳

双边讨论：
1段讨论1边

追因求解：
1个原因1个[解决方案/影响]，两个段落之间一定要在数量上和内容上有关联。

如果主体段分2段的话，每个主题段各100字左右，12-15分钟左右。

1.主旨句（"总"，1句话）

主体段第一句必须是这段的主旨句（Topic Sentence），
雅思阅读考试中的段落中的第一句一般也是主旨句。

它确定了此段论证的方向，是给判卷人的路标，让判卷人快速抓住重点，
清晰的知道我们这段在讲什么，之后是初步论据理由+分析和延展。
后面的句子是"分"，分层次的分析、延展、解释。

主旨句的方向要看在审题时发现的题干中的关键词。

It is undeniable that … could bring positive consequences.

There are actually many advantages about …

2.[扩展/延展]句（“分”，3-5句）

每个主体段一般需要有2-3个[论据/理由]，
初级选手写2个，至少2个[论据/理由]才够说服力，
一般是一详一略，字数为7:3，
次要[论据/理由]至少也要2-3句话，不要1句话一笔代过。

切记不要写过多的[论据/理由]，
如果[论据/理由]过多，则会导致思考的时间过长，
最后可能没有时间写一个漂亮的结尾，这是得不偿失的。

一般"详"里包含例子，思维上主要是纵深度，
一般"略"里不包含例子，思维上主要是宽泛度。

注意，千万不要写成罗列论据型，
例如你写了10个论据（大部分时间耗费在想论据上），
1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10，
每个论据都是一句话，没有纵深，没有延展，没有解释，没有分析，
只是一个想法，一闪而过，那这样最高5.0分。

扩展句部分主要是用来解释[论据/理由]，是什么原因。

写雅思大作文千万千万千千万不要跳跃性思维，
扩展的内容一定要围绕着主旨展开，乱发散的话会被扣大分。
如果逻辑递进走不下去了就举例子。

2.1 初步[论据/理由]（“小总”，1句）

初步[论据/理由]，第一次写[论据/理由]1，
一个轮回后，写[论据/理由]2。

Single-sex high schools help to produce better students because there are fewer distractions in these kinds of schools than in co-educational schools.

之后是有层次的延展：解释论据+举例子+局部总结（有层次感）。
需要注意的是，这个[论据/路由]一出来之后，
后面的几句话2.2-2.4都要围绕着这个2.1[论据/理由]里的关键词或中心思想来写，
不要天马行空想写什么就写什么，否则考官会感觉很乱，从而扣分，
写文章要换位思考，想一下读者看到你的文章是否能理解你的意思。

使用大众化的[论据/理由]即可，太偏门的[论据/理由]会导致自己的语言水平跟不上，
并且判卷人并不会因为你的[论据/理由]有多新颖而给你高分。

例如：
2.1写苹果含有丰富的营养元素，
那么2.2-2.4都要围绕在"营养元素"周围，类似于"这些营养元素对人类很有帮助"
但如果你写别的了就跑偏了，像什么"苹果的味道很爽口，酸酸甜甜我最爱"。

初步理由结束后，后面跟着若干层次的细节论证，
想取得高分，需要把[论据/理由]进行详细分析和延展解释。

2.2 解释[论据/理由]（“小分”，1-2句）

解释、分析、延展上面的那个初步[论据/理由]，
为什么你的初步[论据/理由]是这样？
判卷人是持有怀疑论的，如果没有解释，就无法说服判卷人，从而扣分。

例如：
Nowadays, students are learning more than ever before, and while they are trying to understand all this new knowledge, they do not need distractions. If boys and girls are studying together, they may become more focused on each other and not concentrate on the lesson.

可以由if,because,so,when,while,which,although等词汇来展开多角度延展（简单形式），
可以用条件假设法、时间状语从句、原因状语从句等方法来延展和解释。
可以使用利弊角度来分析，但不要过多的出现利弊的关键词，
可以使用因果、对比等方法来分析解释论证。

It is because…
compared with other…it is…
when …

2.3 相关例子（"小分"，1-2句）

大作文论证时，在中间主体段里，一定要有例子，
例子就是论证的一部分，会更有说服力，
如果没有例子会扣分，使用相应的例子来更接地气的具体解释，
不要举太多例子，最好有数字、地名、人名等等，使例子更具体化。

外国人喜欢有案例来支持你的论点，
所以请多写一些有关你论点的新闻报道或研究数据来作为例子。

举例子时，最好使用第三人称，这样更客观，更有说服力。

例如：
For instance, a male student(泛指就好) might be more interested in impressing a female peer than listening to the teacher, similarly, female students might get into arguments over popular boys, or spend their time discussing the boys in their class instead of listening to the teacher.

For instance, some many have not enough social consiousness and public order, They may jump the line or …

用[for instance/example]用来引出例子时，
例子必须是完整的句子（需要要有主谓结构的句子），这点与such as不同。

such as仅仅只是罗列东西，不是真的举例子，
不能替代for instance，不能引出完整的句子，
只能后面接单词或短语。

例如：
We actually visited many places in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace and the Forbidden City.

2.4 局部总结（“小总，1句”）

与开头的初步[论据/理由]首尾呼应，
针对当前这个[论据/理由]的局部总结，形成一个小的闭环。

If high schools are single sex, these kinds of distractions can be reduced.

这句话与第一句做呼应：
Single-sex high schools help to produce better students because there are fewer distractions in these kinds of schools than in co-educational schools.

[论据/理由]1写完之后，可以用类似in addition这样的路标词引出[论据/理由]2，
轮回到2.1去，再来一遍，注意详略得当，不要全都是详写。

路标词(Signpost Words)：
路标词用于把自己的若干[论据/理由]连接起来，非常重要，
没有路标，会被扣分，因为这样会显得整篇文章很乱。

路标词是段落中的层次结构，
让判卷人更加快速清晰的知道你的想法，

尽量不要用[firstly/secondly/at first/first of all]，
可能会被扣分，属于机械连接方式。

主体段2的内容，例如：
On the other hand, disadvantages can also be found about it…

On the other hand, co-ed schools have some advantages for teenagers because they offer the opportunity to learn important social skills. If young people only interact with their same sex peers, they may not feel comfortable in mixed company when they go to university. For exmaple, they may never learn how to talk easily to the opposite sex. While they are learning at university, they need to focus on their study. If they are socialising with the opposite sex for the first time at university, they may be distracted and they may neglect their studies and focus on their social life instead.

主体段模板&范文

[同意与否/观点]

[同意]与[不同意]皆可，但如果发现题干中有绝对词，
那么选择[不同意]会更简单一些。

主体段1：
(主旨句，不可否认，确实有好处，不能包括极端词)
It is undeniable that … could bring positive consequences. To start with,(理由1)it is indisputable that(3-5句理由A，初步理由+解释)… . For example/instance (举例子)… In addition,(3-5句理由B，初步理由+解释)…

主体段2(转折)：
（让步段，转折，主旨句，但并不是[最好的/最重要的/最合理的]，反驳极端词，有[比这个更好/更重要的/不足/例外]）

主旨句+理由1+例子+理由2

Nevertheless, （主旨句）there is no justification for regarding it as the most effective way, partly because(理由1)… .Furthermore, (理由2)…

双边讨论

双边讨论类可以有让步：
Of course, we also need to say that … + 从反面多元化地论证一句就可以，
再加上一个反驳回来的句子:
However, …这里的句子，让你又回到开头正面论证。

For the statement on the opposite side of the dispute, I deem it rational since …(这里分析另一个说法的合理性)。

利弊分析类与双边讨论类（矛盾双方），都有正反面。

主体段（正面）：
主旨句+理由1+解释理由1+举例子+（局部总结）+理由2+适当简单解释理由2。

主体段（反面）：
主旨句+理由1+解释理由1+（举例子）+（局部总结）+理由2+适当简单解释理由2。

主体段1：
(主题句)Mobile phones can have some serious social risks. Some teenagers have become the target for cell phone bullying, and this can be very unpleasant and even lead to suicide in extreme cases. In addition, cell phone photos can be a problem. If teenagers use their phones to take inappropriate photos, these could be posted onto the internet and could cause serious problems.（两个论据，基本没有分出主次）

主体段2：
However, cell phones can also make teenagers’s lives safer because they allow them to be in contact with their parents or the police in an emergency. Parents can also check on their teenagers and find out where they are and what they are doing. For example, if a teenager has been drinking alcohol at a party, he or she can use his/her cell phone to call his/her parents or a taxi and get home safely. Similarly, teenagers can call for help if they feel threatened while they are away from home. In addition, mobile phones can help teenagers to get directions if they get lost while traveling to their destination.(此段落两个论据明显区分了主次，而且论证方法更为多样)

利弊分析

主体段1（“利”）
On the one hand, many benefits can be found regarding（总体句开始）… firstly,（论据1开始，详写）… and it is because（论据1解释开始）…for instance,（论据1例子开始）… in addition,（论据2开始，略写）…

主题段2（“弊”）
However, the draybacks brought by it should never be forgot, either .（总体句开始）… in the first place,（论据1开始，详写）…if（论据1解释开始）…for example,（论据1例子开始）… besides,（论据2开始，略写）…

追因求解

主体段1（2个原因）：
As for the reasons behind this phenomenon, the first one is that … +理由1,
The second reason to explain it is due to … + 解释分析论证。

省略号之后，要延展解释2-3句，比如：if,because,although,compared with,so,这些方法，还有举例子For example在原因段。

主体段2（2个解决方案/影响）：
The related solutions/effects are as follows. In order to deal with it, people, first of all, should/假如问道了影响。

The effect brought by it include firstly … + 适当的解释分析论证。
The next measure is about …/There is one more effect which is … + 适当解释分析论证。

解决方案段字数肯定比原因段字数少，
并且解决方案段里不需要例子。

大作文结尾段（“总”，30-40字，5分钟左右）

Conclusion，结尾段一定要写，
可以造成与开头段的首尾呼应，不然会被扣分，
总结自己的观点，宏观上的综述，
针对整篇发表看法的一个综述，用来定性。

结尾段最多有这3个层次，结尾段也需要有清晰的层次推进。
千万不要结尾只有1句话，至少有2个层次。
每个层次一句话就可以，不必深入分析。

In conclusion, cell phones can be a risk for teenagers, but they also increase safety（这里明确了观点）. Teenagers need to be …

“总之，这个问题在短时间内不太可能被解决，”
“随着这些措施被采取，未来还是在很大程度上能解决的。”

1.综述上文

无论什么类型的大作文，一定要综述最有力的[论据/理由]，
总之，需要首尾呼应。

In a word
In conclusion
To conclude
To summarise
To sum up
In summary
In sum

It is apparent that … + 综述全文最有力的论据，
例如有让步论据，这里要把正反面都综述。

It is apparent that to be a owner of house has more positive effects.

2.重申观点(可省略)

观点不一定每个题型都出现，可省略，要看题目是否问道观点。

我的观点是什么什么什么，因为什么什么什么。

Based on the argumentation above, I would like to (once again)
make my point clear that … + 重申观点。

讨论类题目，结尾明确立场为好，所以去掉once again这个修饰词。

3.展望未来(可省略)

有感而发，可以省略，看字数，
前面综述和重申，只有一个层次存在，那展望未来就需要有，来增加层次感。

People should have the awareness of + 展望未来的话语。

有的问题是组合式问题，不要僵化的模板，有的题目问观点不会问原因，例如：
Many TV advertisements are aiming at children.
What are the effects?
Should TV advertisements be controlled?

Base on the argumentation above, I would like to once again make my point clear that such advertising taking children as sole targets should be controlled properly, It is apparent that the far-reaching effects may be negative. People should have the awareness of caring about children’s growth.
重申观点，描述关键论据，一句展望未来。

此外，写作完成后，一定要给自己留下一些时间来review，
检查校验一下是否有语法和拼写错误，
并且仔细查看连接词的用法是否恰当，
重复使用频率高的单词或用法是否可以发生变化等等。

标点符号

标点符号书写不到位，导致判卷人看不懂，从而扣分。
句号后面的首字母要大写，逗号后面的首字母要小写，
段落间要空一行，段落开头需要左对齐。

如果是机考，那么逗号与句号后面要留一个空格。
路标词，举例子For [example/instance]前面用句号，
之后立刻跟一个逗号，例如：
…, because renting a house is more likely to be unstable, For example, the owner of house …

Many benefits can be found regarding owning a home. Firstly, the house owner…

, so they have a golden opportunity to earn more money. However, the drawbacks brought …

Because they do not have to pay for the rent, and those individuals may use the money in a better place, such as improving their qualiry of life. Besides, the house prices …

注意，because后面不用接逗号。

完整的一句话就要点句号，不要无休止的逗号。
Renting house is more flexible for the young, they can move anywhere at anytime. There is a chance …

I would like to once again make my point clear that owning a home is better than renting one. It is apparent that …

观点类大作文写法

观点类的写法，一般会有[A/B]两种论调。

一边倒写法

明确仅同意一边，中间两个主体段落都是这个方向，
不提及对立面合理性，不讨论对立面的不合理性，
这种写法的缺点是不够多元化，
不够批判性思维，不能体现辩论，不合适议论文，
适用于低分段（5.5分及以下）。

一般：
1.A
2.A
3.A
4.A

也可以：
1.A
2.A
3.B-，说B为什么不好
4.B-，说B为什么不好

平衡写法

就是一段论证同意的理由，
另一段解释为何不同意它，两边的好处都要写，
两边都要有认同的部分，用这个写法在基础阶段不太常见，
给人一种过于中庸的印象，且不容易平衡把持字数和论据数量，
单位时间内思考的论据过多，会导致时间不够用，难度系数较高，
每边至少保证2-3个论据，但在高分段会有人用（7.5-8分）。

1.A/B
2.A
3.B
4.A/B

让步反驳写法

偏向一边，但是有让步的成分。明确同意或者不同意，但是在论证过程里，
也会提到完全同意或者不同意其中会有不足，或者对立面也有些可取之处，
这个是比较推荐的写法，既没有"一边倒写法"那么偏激，
也没有"平衡写法"那么中庸，这就是批判性思维（critical thinking），
做事不极端，思维多元化、全面、谨慎，单位时间比别人思考的多，
但是不会跑题，也不会乱了自己的立场（5.5-7分），
包括我们以后在留学时写论文也是，论文中会引用一些外部摘要，
引用之后，我们还能说出外部摘要中有一些不足之处，会让教授刮目相看。

同意与否/观点类：
1.A
2.A1+,A1-=B（让步开始，说A1的反面，或者说B）,A1+
3.A2
4.A

利弊分析类：
1.第1段开头先写A，
2.第2段求证为什么A是对的，写A1+A2，1个2个论据理由，
3.第3段写B… + A，先写一些B合理的地方，稍微解释一下，但是，再反驳，与A相比，B还是由明显的不足，A还是有明显的好处，再写一下A。
4.第4段结尾写A，首尾呼应。

还有一种比较高级的写法：
1.第1段开头先写A
2.A1详
3.A2略+A3略（最多3个论据，最少2个论据,详略得当）
4.B1略+B2略（让步写2个论据，不需要例子）/ A（最后再回去写A，把B驳倒）
5.第5段结尾写A，首尾呼应

双边讨论类的写法：
1.两边平衡，两边都对。
2.一边对，一边错。
3.两边都对，一边对的多一些，一边对的少一些

1.A/B 两边都同意
2.A1/A2/(A2-/A2+，这个是让步反驳，不是必须的)
3.B1/B2
4.A/B

第一段是分析一种说法，第二段是分析另一种说法，有点类似于观点类，
每边要有2个论据，相当于是2个观点类叠加在一起，每边各一个例子，
每边的例子都是一详一略，详写论据要有延展解释，
初步理由+解释理由+例子+总结，略写没有例子，
没有总结，只有初步理由+解释理由。

如何反驳？

例如说一句：“你腿真细啊！”

直接反驳不可能

-"哪有啊？多粗啊。

Gap year的缺点
There are certain dangers in talking time off at that important age.Young adults may end up never returning to their studies…

反驳：
But overall,I think this is less likely today, when …

弊端更明显

-“腿细有啥用啊？我脸大啊。”

跨国公司的优点：
Multinational companies’ investments offer foreign currency for developing economies,which in turn help with creating jobs and wealth…

反驳：
However,the dominance of multinational corporations amkes it hard for smaller local companies to thrive and succeed,and it has a much severe impact on most countries in the long term…

有更好的选择

-“跟你比可差远了，你的更细。”

国际旅游的优点：
The increase of international tourism allows more tourists to experience different cultures.

反驳：
However,it is not necessary to visit other places to learn about other cultures,because …

优点成立有条件

-“没有没有，是这裤子显得。”

远程教学的优点：
Distance learning provides students with more flexibility and convenience…

反驳：
However,I think those advantages can only be enjoyed by students with no difficulties in …

如何备考写作大作文考试

作文考过的题可能会重新出现，或者金瓶装酒酒，
因此机经和题库比较重要，考试前需要过2遍，
确保没有生词，不会跑题。

把剑雅答案中的范文过一遍，寻找范文中的规律。

【类型->结构（备考占比10%）】
相同类型下的大作文具有类似的结构&框架，类似的开头段、结尾段。
大作文高频类型：同意与否、双边讨论、利弊分析，有55分、37分的写法，
适用于不同类型的作文。

【话题->思路、词汇（备考占比90%）】
相同话题下的大作文具有类似的思路、词汇，我们要把相对应的话题词汇表达积累下来。

大作文高频场景&话题：
教育、传统&现代生活、科技、工作、人物、动物、城市。

把话题分类，性价比比较高，
如果是人物类，破题思路可以是找人物的特点&特征，
就写刻板印象就行了，走大众路线，破题思路具有普遍性，
很多题都可以共用。

【语法与速度】
尽量确保自己的语法具有复杂性与多样性，每次写作练习的时候，
都要记录自己的时间，逐步刻意训练自己的写作速度，
遇到生词不要立刻查词典，
可以用铅笔和剑雅后面的答题纸（复印）模拟。

【批改->找问题】
把上述问题都弄清楚后，
开始大量练习，同时需要让自己的作文被批改，
看离自己的目标分数还差哪些，再之后做一些有针对性的突破，
自己改不太现实，我们可以通过上课、老师、或者其他APP、网站达成。

如果没有批改环节，自己写100篇也是徒劳的，
因为你按自己错误的方式去写，性价比超低。

自己练习写作文时，一定要定闹钟，严格把控时间。

考虑到可能会有同学看不懂题干中的生词，
所以建议把近几年写作题库中的大小作文的题干都过一遍脑子，
把生词消灭掉，
题干出现生词的话非常容易写跑题，那就是万年5.5的范畴了。

7.5 非数据型小作文解题思路

地图题

地图题的出题频率要略高于饼图，所以也需要有所备考。
注意时态的问题，注重变迁，注意方位词的使用详见3.1.8.3。

判断时态

如果是单图题，基本都是一般现在时。
如果是双图题，一般是1张图1个时间，也可能出现1张图2个时间，
一般第1个时间是过去或将来，
那么就用[过去时/过去完成时]或将来时。

一般第2个时间是虚线框，代表未来计划，
也会有相应的虚线框的建筑或路。

如果虚线框部分是2020年（今年），
那么可以用现在完成时，表示已经改造完成。
如果虚线框部分是2030年（未来），那么需要用将来时。

流程和步骤

先写谁，后写谁，关于一幅图内部描述的顺序，
按照从左往右，从上往下，
都是可以的，Make it easy to follow。

地图题分段

如果是单图题，可以按照题干中的特性来分主体段，例如：
开车的路线为1段，步行的线路为1段等等。

如果是双图题，则可以2张图中每张图写1个主体段，
越简单的结构越好。
以图的数量为分段依据（如果给3个图，则需要分3段）。

两图之间字数都会有明显的差距，
因为两个图的简繁程度通常会有明显不同，
主体段2会比第主体段1字多，因为还需要对比。

开头段

对地图的总体介绍，什么图？讲的什么事？在什么地方？什么时间？
The [diagrams/maps/graphs] compare the changes of one university
at two distinct stages in its development: 1975, 2010 and few projected plans in 2020.

涉及到2张图时，习惯性的用compare。

主体段

主体段1，注重建筑物方位描写

地图题考试一般不用上下左右，用东南西北，
在第1张图上标记上四个字母：N、S、W、E。

千万不要漏掉时间，否则时态会错，
写一写图中的建筑物、路，不要浪费时间写树。。。
对于图中建筑物的名称，不用大写首字母，除了专有名词以外。

The year 1975 reveals that a sports field was built to the northwest corner taking up a large area of land, with a main road running from the north to the west. Additionally, there were three detours, each connecting with a major building in the campus: a car park in the northeast, a joint drama theatre and music centre west to the car park, and a building of lecture rooms in the south east. Besides, the college library was situated to the southwestern corner of the entire map.

主体2，注重建筑物变化描写

在于前面图进行变化点的对比，用过去完成时的被动语态、过去时。
第二张图主要写变化和对比，时态与语态的变化，可以使用被动语态。
XXX扩大、XXX改造、XXX增加，等等。

By 2010, however, the campus had changed quite obviously. The size of the car park had been made bigger to accommodate more drivers, and the old drama theatre had been converted into a geology building with a slight increase in size. In the very centre of the campus, a new science building had been constructed for learning purposes connected with a larger lecture rooms.It is also interesting that half of the library had been replaced by IT centre.

有的时候可能扩大后的形状比较诡异，可以不用描述这些偏难怪，
不要给自己找麻烦。

结尾段

总结，把虚线框的将来的建筑写在总阶段。
一般现在时如何表示将来，[be likely to do / be predicted to do]

In the upcoming future, a new pathway is projected to connect the new library and campus main road, and the sports centre is going to become a completely indoor facility by now.

地图考点

桥在河上用over the river，不能用on。
河水流flow的过去时是flowed。
可以稍微发散一下图中的东西，例如图中有个公园，可以说”公园可以提供xxx”。

流程图题

特点：

1. 没有数据，以文字描述图里的步骤为主，可适当对比步骤见简繁度（前4个步骤简单，后4个步骤较复杂，可以比较一下）。
2. 可能制作一个物件、一种食品或物质，也可能分拆回收一件东西，比如：报纸、玻璃瓶、手机。
3. 偶尔有生长周期图出现，比如大马哈鱼的生长周期，可能是一个循环的过程，要写相关的句子。

注意事项：

1. 要客观，不要主观添加内容。
2. 题目背景信息要替换几个用词，不可以照抄。
3. 注意被动态的使用，被分解、被制作，be + done/ it then will be put into the pot to .../偶尔祈使句也可以 Then,put it into the pot to ...
4. 提示词一般不可更改，不必替换，照抄就可以，提示词在作为中必须要使用到。
5. 非谓语动词的应用：不定式和现在分词、动名词。举例子：To make the paper smooth,use the ...；After boiling the water,...；These are mixed in the pot using a spoon.
6. 提示词里的生词要结合前后图来猜测，也可以使用常识判断其词义。
7. 前后步骤的衔接词一定要有，In the beginning stage,for the following setp,then,afterwards,in the eventual step。

5.5分例文：
The bread making process has 6 key stages.

In the first stage, warm water and sugar are added to yeast to activate it, Then the activated yeast is added to flour and salt and more water is added to make dough. The dough is kneaded for about 10 minutes to make it smooth and shiny. In the next stage, the dough is left to rise in a warm place for about 1 to 3 hours. Then, it is punched down to release air, and is kneaded again for a few minutes. After that, it is then shaped into loaves and left to rise a second time for about one hour. Finally, it is baked at 200 degrees Celsius in an oven for about 10 to 15 minutes.

7.6 综合写作技巧

使用代词

写作中，重复会被扣分，因此需要多用代词，替换重复表达，
代词之间可以重复，代词替换单词、词组、短语、句子、甚至段落。

类似于：they，it，this，that，their，theirs，them，its等。

In order to improve the air quality, it is necessary to reduce the number of cars running in the street. Of course , it may not be able to be carried out because vehicles have become a necessity in our daily life.

Some people think learning history in school is important. Others think learning subjects more relevant to life is important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

用到this,it,they这些代词来指代前面的数据或者图里的项目；
适当使用"省略"这个语法点，省略后面句子的主语，
等于前后句共用了主语，大小作文通用。

写作禁忌

不要去死背模板

首先，不要去尝试全篇背诵优秀范文，性价比超级低，写作题库有400多篇作文，
并且会经常变化，跑题也是一种比较常见的扣分项。

不要用你自己都不熟悉的单词，不要制造机会让考官扣你分，
词汇不求有多华丽，只要句子结构和连接词用的出彩些。
小作文多用些模板，以减少时间；
大作文请尽量少用模板，如果要用，请用些没那么多人用的模板，模板很难出高分，
并且没有办法用一个模板来套所有的作文。

大作文的[论据/理由]最好提前就想好，现场想论据，时间会非常紧张。

6分作文有6分的写法，7分有7分的写法，
不要用6分的水平去套7分的[框架/模板]，最后可能导致5.5分。
6分的话想写什么就写什么，7分的话需要使用在剑雅高分范文中学到的表达方式。

网上充斥着大量的7分范文、9分范文，但大部分都是噱头，
真的给考官看也许就是一个5.5分。
所以我们要利用好剑雅真题集，看考生例文与考官评语。

有的人套模板万年5.5，有的人套模板能套到7，
这里需要我们：

1. 理解模板句，知道其含义，知道其为什么这么写，底层逻辑是什么。
2. 活学活用，刻意训练，形成自己的套路。
3. 加料，结合话题准备语料，高频论点。

使用模板为什么得不了高分：

1. 凑字数、堆废话，241<字数<250并不会扣分，如果160<字数<240，则在任务回应部分会被扣1分。

2. 机械套用模板，不是每个模板都都适用所有的场景，如果硬穿会显得非常不自然从而导致扣分，要因为句子改模板，模板很难用准确，用的不自然，就会扣成5.5分。

3. 追求偏难怪，越小众的模板的适用范围越窄，如果不是非常了解模板句的含义，就很容易闹出笑话，使句子变得很销魂。

4. 有结构没有料，模板用对了，但是模板里的…部分没写好，依然得不了高分，除了背模板，还需要背一些语料，让判卷人看到你用了逼格较高的模板但内容很平凡，一眼就能看出是抄的模板，导致万年5.5分。

禁止缩写&简写&口语化表达

任何场景下写作都不能有缩写&简写，包括人名、地名等，
不能省略从句引导词，但托福就无所谓。

禁止don’t，要写成do not；
禁止hasn’t，要写成has not；
禁止can't，要写成cannot，cannot比较特殊，必须要合起来写；
禁止should’t，要写成should not；
禁止L.A，要写成Los Angeles；
禁止E.C，要写成Edward Cullen；

不能出现口语化的表达，
有很多从句是可以省略that等连词的，写作一定不能省略that等连词。
不要出现口语化的东西：
you konw?
what?
get …
hey…
kid
come again?
you got it?
I got it.

名词所有格的’s并不是缩写，可以在写作考试中使用。

写作语法亮点

使用相对低频、非口语化、且精准的词汇，
尽量在一个句子里，保持一个语法（如使用从句、非谓语动词）和一个用词的亮点。

不定式：
to do，表示：目的、将来；
to be or not to be , that is a question.

动名词：
doing，可以当名词来用；
I like playing baseball.

现在分词：
doing，表示：主动、进行；

过去分词：
done，表示：被动、完成；
mission accomplished

We like to lie in bed reading books不定式+现代分词

现在进行时，可表示这个阶段/时期（一段时间范围）正在做的事情，
不一定非要是现在（一个时间点）正在做的事情。
Nowadays, almost all the Chinese are learning English for internationalization.

使用情态动词

情态动词在剑雅真题的范文中使用频率很高，
情态动词可以让论证更为严谨，改变文章中的说服度。

语气从强到弱：

英文	中文	解释
must	必须	表示建议，
have to	必须，不得不	表示建议，一般在劝告或建议时使用。
should	应该	表示建议，should可以替换need to，will have to，must
shall	必须
will	将会	表示确切的推测
would	将会	表示推测
can	能
could	可能	表示推测
may	也许	maybe的使用率为0，特别口语化
might	也许

语气越弱，越不容易让对方驳倒你，
如果语气很重，说的非常绝对，随便说一个反例就把你驳倒，
让你的论证话语不绝对，这样不易于被对立面反驳。

情态动词可以与if连用，
表示"如果怎么这么样就怎么怎么样"，
用来论证。

If boys and girls study together, they may become more focused on each other, and not concentrate on the lesson.

Students will not pass their exams if they do not study.

generally/probably/possibly/presumably
这几个副词，有功能类似情态动词，让你的论证更为严谨，
不易被反驳，在学术写作里，要给对立面的生存留有空间。

表示可能性：
be likely to,possible,probable,[may/might]

ought to 表示法定的东西，合同中；
be supposed to不正式，本应该做什么，但没有做到， 期望做某事，没人用；

使用第三人称描述

大小作文中都尽量不要使用主观描述，因为不够客观，没有说服力，
不要第二人称，尽量使用第三人称，
第一人称只能用在大作文的结尾重申观点时才能用，例如：in my opinion,I believe...。

I can see from the pie chart that…
We can see from the pie chart that…
如果非要这么写，可以改成：
It can be seen from the char that…

或者直接用饼图当主语，这么写：
The pie chart shows …

The graph shows …
只有带横纵坐标的图才能用"graph"这个单词。

The xxx chart [reveals/shows] the percentage about…

The bar chart reveals the percentage about people in deifferent age groups who depend on watching TV in their daily life.

或者people who are addicted to watching TV in their daily life.
甚至可以是a necessary part of life.

The pie chart shows the fast foods that teenagers prefer in the USA.

The pie chart shows the percentage of the [roles/characters] that people prefer in Twilight.

题目：
The chart below shows the percentage of households in owned and rented accommodation in England and Wales between 1918 and 2011.

大作文在举例子时，也不要使用第一二人称，
第一人称太主观了，不太好，会给考官一种日记，记叙文的感觉，很容易写跑题。
第二人称，大小作文都是一定不能接受的，但在口语中就没有问题。
well you know,you see,太随意了，不要把判卷人拉进来。

用第三人称客观呈现的例子，不需要具体人名，非特指第三人称就好。
例如：a male student/female student.

---

常见话题写作

不一定每篇作文内容都是完整的，有的只有主体段。

小作文

柱状图

• The chart below gives information about the possession of newer technologies by different age groups in the UK in 2009. (Percentage of Possession)
  Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,
  and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.

开头段：  The graph reveals the amount of newer digital devices owned by British various age groups in 2009.主体段1：  It is clear from the chart that mobile phones and computers were the most popular digital devices in UK.The young of age between 17 and 23 really loved to use mobile phones, ranking first with 90 percent.The adult group of age between 24 to 44 was equal to it.80 percent people in age from 45 to 64 both own mobile phones and computers.The mobile phones were much more welcomed than computers in young people.主体段2：  It can be seen from the chart that digital TV and SatNav system were more useless than cellphones and PC, especially for the SatNav system.SatNav system was the lowest possession in total , which represented approximately below 30 percent in all ages.The possession percentage of TV was almost four times as large as that of SatNav system in ages above 65, which accounted for 40% of the chart.The old whose age was above 65 were the main users in Digital TV, which was 70 percent.结尾段：  In general, almost all kinds of people preferred mobile phones in 2009 in UK, in particular, age from 17 to 44.

点评：
注意本题的时态，由于是2009年，因此要用过去时。
对于年轻人拥有digital TV和SatNav system的情况没有描述清楚，
可以更加强不同年龄层之间的比较，比如： 24-44年龄的人在所有类别的科技设备上拥有率都是最高的，
65岁以上的人都是最低的等等。

线形图

• The graph gives information about water use worldwide. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

（有批改，6分）

开头段：  The line graph shows the changes of water use in agriculture, industrial and domestic fields from 1900 to 2000.主体段1：  It is clear from the graph that for the global water use of agriculture ranked the first and the water use of agriculture from 1900 to 2000, it climbed gradually in 40 years from 1990 to 1940, until it was over 1000 km3. Then, there was a huge rise with slight fluctuations, reaching approximately 3000 km3, which was the peak, over the following 50 years.主体段2：  It can be seen from the graph that the figure of other two sectors both rose slowly from 1900 to 2000.The industrial use was similar to domestic use from 1900 to 1950, but, in the following 50 years, they steadily rose to about 1200km3 and 200km3 respectively.结尾段：  In general, in all three fields, the use of water all climbed though the agricultural one had always ranked the first. 

• The graph below shows the average number of people attending top-level football match in three European countries from 1980 to 2004.
  Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

（有批改）

开头段：The chart reveals the average number of individuals watching A-level in football play in Italy, England and Germany from 1980 until 2004.主体段1：It is clear that from the graph that the average amount of Italian people attended the football game decreasedattending as the time increased with fluctuations.主体段2：

表格图

• The table below shows the percentage of people living in four types of dwellings in Australia in 2001 and 2006.
  Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

开头段：  The chart reveals the proportion of Australian's four categories of accommodations in three different areas between 2001 to 2006.主体段1：  It is clear from the table that both the percentage of individuals living in semi-detached and flats approximately rose slightly one percent every five years. Apart from the figures in flats in Tasmania, it was stable from 2001 until 2006, which represented 4% of the table. It was like everyone in Australia preferred those two categories. However, the data of these two types was quite low in Australia between 2001 to 2006, only from 4% to 13%.主体段2：  It can be seen from the chart that the data did not look excellent in houses and other types. The data of house was still the most popular, but it dropped sharply in three locations over the next five years in 2001, it decreased by 2 percent in Victoria, the northern territory and Tasmania. The other types stayed mostly unchanged in those three locations from 2001 to 2006, except the figures in the northern territory, there was small decrease in the proportion of it, from 12% in 2001 to 11% in 2006.结尾段：  In general, the data of house was still the largest amount in Australia, but the percentage of people living in houses reduced significantly, and other types almost rose slightly over this five-year period.

点评：
注意单位是百分比，不要漏掉单位。

流程图

The diagram below shiows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

Cummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

The flow chart illustrates a natural process in which water evaporates from the ocean into the atmosphere and returns to the sea in several ways, known as water cycle.[介绍图表信息]It is clearly that there are three main stages involved, evaporation, precipitation and running back into the ocean.[要点概述]From the diagram we can see that 80% of water vapour comes from the oceans. At the beginning, water evaporates into the air when being exposed to the sun under certain temperature,and then water vapour accumulates and condenses to form clouds.When the condition is satisfied for precipitation, it rains or snows.[细节描述1]At the next stage in the cycle, rainwater or snow water may take various paths. Some of it may fallInto lakes or return to the oceans via' surface runoff. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through theground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth.Salt water intrusion is shown to take place justOelore groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle.[细节描述2]

地图

开头段：
开头介绍，背景信息的转述与改写，The map given is about …

主体段1：
描述一个图1内建筑物、设施的方位（中心位置是什么，北面是什么，南边通向什么，不要写上下左右，用东西南北）。

主体段2：
描述图2内建筑物、设施的方位，同时和图1来对比（设施、建筑物在方位和数量上的变化），例如：随着时间的推移，这个校区今年是这样，若干年后的格局会做一些变化，也许教室变小或变大或变多变少了，位置改变了等等。

结尾段：
结尾综述特点（在某某方面变化很大）。

• The map below shows a number of different ways of visiting Mountain Eron in a National Park. Give details of ways and compare them where possible.
  Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

（有批改）

开头段：The map reveals three different ways of how to climb Mountain Eron in a National Park, which depends on whether the tourists want to drive there.主体段1：It is clear from the map that the tourists may drive to the cultural center with a parking area firstly from the west, then they can drive to the northeast to the mountain. Then tourists can go along this road until they can find another parking lot and the sunrise viewing area, where they can have a rest for a little while, then they have to drive along the driving track around the mountain, and it is the longest way in total.主体段2：It can be seen from the map that people can choose to go along the walking track or the climbing track if they enjoy walking or climbing. The walking track is less longer than the driving track, but there is approximately the same route between the driving track and walking track, since both of them are shaped like an oval. There is a shortest way to go to the destination, which is the climbing track, but it is really kind of dangerous.结尾段：In general, the individuals who do not want to drive can choose the walking trace or climbing track. Otherwise, they can choose the driving track.

点评：
从写作完成情况来说：
本文描述3条线路很清晰（1.driving track；2.walking track；3.climbing track）。

欠缺的是sunset和sunrise日出日落观景台建议分别描写；
另外first aid point和toilet位置并没有描述;

例如：
The toilets are adjacent to the first aid point，where tourits could gain immediate first aid service once accident happens；

另外parking lots一共四个，便于停车，例如：
There are four parking lots，which make it convenient for tourists to find parking space and they can stop driving whenever they want to choose anothe route；

从连贯方面来说：
作者It can be seen、It is manifest于段首衔接很好；
还可用When it comes to climbing track（或For people who like mountain climbing）；

学会Meanwhile表同时；
Moreover=additionally表递进；
开启新方面可以用with regard to=in terms of（就。。而言）；
to be more specific具体说；
however表转折；
in contrast与之相对;

从词汇方面来说:
可数名词不能全裸（要有冠词walking track）；
另外地图题要学会被动语态表达be built、located坐落于；
以及定语从句解释功能，如…sunset view area，where people can appreciate the splendid sunset等（where后成分完整）;

从语法来说，避免逗号连接完整句子；
丰富表达：
provide convenience提供方便：
be next to=be adjacent to相邻;
various=a wide variety of；
parking lot停车场；

大作文

教育（最高频）

同意与否

• Some people think that university should not provide theoretical knowledge, but to give practival training that is beneficial to society. Do you agree or disagree?

In China, a great number of advanced professional personnel are needed.Therefore, cooperative education that combines classroom studies with practical work experience is more necessary.

• Schools should teach children academic subjects, which will be useful in their future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意:

1. 激烈竞争下，学术课程能增加竞争力，未来职业发展会有帮助。
2. 升学考试里大多不涉及到体育和音乐内容。

不同意:

1. 会成为书呆子
2. 体质可能不够好
3. 无法通过体育或体术来全面发展，成为教育的奴隶和一个机器

开头段：  Currently, no one dares to deny that the issue of social media is bringing us advantages or disadvantages. I, personally, hold the firm belief that the pros outnumber their counterparts. The former are shown in making global friends easily and the sending of messages instantly, while the latter include being cheated and waste of precious time. (I willl show you the relevant details in the following part of the essay.)主体段：  Music and sports help to produce better students because it is useful to allow teenagers to develop teenagers to develop a variety of ways which prevent them from becoming a nerd if teachers only teach them academic subjects which will be useful in their future careers and that could be boring all the time, those individuals are not machine. For instance, students may gain a great deal of knowledge in school and then students can consider by themselves which way is the most appropriate for them in the near future, whose process makes them think by their independent minds.Of course, learning useful academic subjects could be helpful and useful in the career which makes people more competitive. However, teenagers could not have the enough judgement to choose the right thing, and they still need help from parents and teachers. If students acquire diversity information when they are still children or teenagers, it could be better choice to make them more and more excellent.

• Some people think that single sex schools are better for students than co-ed schools. To what extent do you agree with this opinion?/To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意:

1. to avoid such phenomenon of falling in love at an early age,with more concentration on their study.

2. more conveninet to make the curriculum according to a certain gender group’s needs.

不同意:

1. It will be easier to administrate the class and even the whole campus if there is mixed gender at school,especially at boys’ school.

2. More chances for students to communicate with the opposite gender group.

3. It will be more fun in extracurricular activities.

4. Having opposite sex aside,some will be more hardworking in their study.

Single-sex high schools help to produce better students becuase there are fewer distractions in these kinds of schools than in co-educational schools.Nowadays, students are learning more than ever before, and while they are trying to understand all this new knowledge, they do not need distractions.If boys and girls are studying together,they may become more focused on each other and not concentrate on the lesson.For example, a male student might be more interested in impressing a female peer than listening to the teacher; similarly, female students might get into arguments over popular boys, or spend their time discussing the boys in their class instead of listening to the teacher.If high schools are single sex, these kinds of distractions can be reduced.

• In modern age, some people think it is unnecessary to teach children handwriting skill. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 现代社会手机电脑可以替代纸笔，例如机考、用电脑打字记笔记等；
2. 纸笔浪费资源，造成环境污染；
3. 普遍来说，打字速度要比写字速度快很多；

不同意：

1. 签名的时候必须要手写，如果字很丑会影响个人形象；
2. 笔可以在书上直接做笔记，涂涂画画，会更有效率；

• Family has great influence on children’s development. However, the outside influences play a bigger part in their life. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 环境更重要，环境改变人；
2. 随着孩子的长大，父母没法一直陪在孩子身边；

不同意：

1. 父母是孩子的首席老师，父母的影响会更大，因为孩子小时候必须要听父母的；

• Full-time university students spend much of their time on study. Some people think it is essential for them to take other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

双边讨论

• Some say children should learn foreign languages as early as possible, but others say these children should focus on their first language well first.
  Discuss both views and give your opinion.

• Some people think learning history in school is important. Others think learning subjects more relevant to life is important. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

开头段：  （引出话题）The necessity of focusing on history-learning or other courses more related to the daily life has been what the public concentrate on for the past years.（摆明矛盾）Some as supporters of gaining lessons from history would stress its importance, while others claim those which could be more practical in smoothing life are more crucial to take.

利弊分析

• Some people say that playing a team sport,such as soccer or basketball is very popular because it has many benefits.
  What are the advantages of playing a team sport?

优点：

1. To make new friends;
2. Teamwork sprit;a sense of cooperation;
3. To cultivate team members’ ability of commucation;
4. To better/strengthen the friendship;

另类提问

• In some countries, secondary schools aim to provide a general education across a range of subjects, while in others, children focus on a narrow range of subjects related to a particular career. Which one is more appropriate in today’s world?

科技（高频）

同意与否

• Some people believe that some internet websites should be restricted to prevent people from accessing sex or violent sites. To what extent do you agree with this opinion?

主体段1  `there is no denying that` violence can be dangerous to the audiences, especially the children, because it is easier for them to be influenced and to imitate what they see without much thinking. So it is necessary for the government to pass some regulations to prevent the violent contents online. `Of course`(让步转折开始), we also need to say that letting children know the existence of violence can work as the precaution to protect them. `However`（让步之后再反驳，说明依然坚定自己开头的想法）, unlimited access to such things will lead to horrible consequence out of control. There must be safer and wiser ways of knowing their existence, such as by proper education from either parents or school teachers.自己的想法+让步+反驳，回到自己开始的想法。主体段2  In the second place, it is also apparent that these contents of violence online will lead to the psychological issues among the under-aged groups, most of whom tend to be timid generally, and these will cast a shadow on their psychology. They, then in chain reaction, may become scared of communicating with others around, which may cause even more problems in circulation. or instance（2个论据中至少有1个论据是带例子）,some children（非特指第三人称）, after watching some online films or news reports of violence cases happening at school, will refuse to go to their primary school where it is perfectly safe actually. In fact, these psychological burdens accompany them for an extended period of time, even the whole life, which requires our awareness.

• More and more people are using computers and electronic devices to access information,and therefore these is no need to print books, magazines and newspapers on paper. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 传统书籍浪费资源与污染，例如木材、印刷、包装等；
2. 在手机电脑上读书或看新闻更方便；

不同意：

1. 一些特定人群例如老年人与幼儿不会使用这些电子设备；
2. 对于某些人来说，纸质书比电子书更有感觉，此外还可以作为礼物；

• Technology makes our life too rich and we should live a simple life without it. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

利弊分析

• Now many people especially the youth use mobile devices to go online easily almost anywhere anytime. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this?

Benefits:

1. To obtain information more easily;
2. To relax users by the games,videos and information;
3. For smoother communication with others;

Drawbacks:

1. The risk involved while they are outside the home;
2. Unconfirmed information may cause panic or other bad effects;
3. The risk of leakage on privacy;
4. The loss of their ability in self-control;
5. Health issues;

主体段1（“利”）：
（总体句开始）On the one hand, many benefits can be found regarding surfing the internet with no limit of time and place. Firstly,（论据1开始，详写）（论据1初步分析开始）it brings much convenience to the users. Because of （论据1解释开始）the small size of mobile devices, it is protable and easy to be operated while surfing online. For example,（论据1例子开始）everyone with a smart phone having the fuction of browsing web pages can access any online information almost anywhere, such as on the bus, in the metro or a walking street, anytime, which is hard to be realized by a traditional laptop or desktop computer. In addition, （论据2开始，略写）it could help keep users updated with what is happening in the city, in the country or even around the globe. If（论据2解释开始） they want to check some data or information, they can do it without starting the computer. This is easier and will save them much time.

主体段2（“弊”）：
（总体句开始）However, the drawbacks brought by it should never be forgot, either. To begin with,（论据1开始，详写）（论据1初步分析开始）users’ privacy may be leaked due to the spy program or hacker skills. If （论据1解释开始）one can go online anywhere anytime, it means the information in his/her phone is exposed to other users with electronic techniques who can use the professional knowledge to hack the phone or pad to steal the information secretly. For example,（论据1例子开始）while shopping, some can link up to the wifi in the shopping mall, which may be dangerous to them because the free internet service there can be a trap. So,（论据1局部总结句开始）it could be dangerous for such users to be linked to the internet in any place. `Besides,（论据2开始，略写）…

政府

双边讨论

• Some people think the government should establish free libraries in each town. Others, however, believe it is a waste of money since the public can use the Internet at home to obtain information. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

社会/生活

同意与否

• It is no longer necessary to use animals as food or other products (e.g. clothing and medicines)
  To what extend do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 人造肉、皮革、药物等可以代替动物；
2. 杀害动物不人道，不公平；

不同意：

1. 穿着某些动物皮会显得高贵，例如貂皮、鳄鱼皮等；
2. 畜牧业有着长久历史和传统，不易改变，会导致很多人失业；

双边讨论

• In some cultures, old people are valued, while in others the youth is more valued. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

老年人：

1. 有更多的人生经验；
2. 更深思熟虑，更稳重，更懂得顾全大局；

年轻人：

1. 更富有激情和创造力，勇于探索新鲜事物；
2. 不按部就班，促使社会发展；

利弊分析

• In many countries, the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on society?

• Nowadays some old people choose to live in the retirement community with other people rather than living with their adult children. Is it a positive or negative development?

优点：

1. 会被更好的照顾；
2. 可以与更多同龄的老人们一起生活、娱乐；

缺点：

1. 缺少亲情，子女不孝敬父母；
2. 儿女也有许多事情，分身乏术；

• In some countries, the difference in age between parents and children is generally greater than it was in the past. Do you think its advantages outweigh its disadvantages?

优点：

1. 父母越成熟，家庭越稳固，对于孩子的教育更理性；
2. 父母会有更多的物质基础帮助孩子成长；

缺点：

1. 随着年龄的增长，父母用于照顾孩子的精力与实践越来越少；
2. 家长与孩子的代沟会增多，不同的价值观会引发争论与争吵；

组合

• In some countries, owning a home rather than renting one is very important for people. Why might this be the case? Do you think this is a positive or negative situation?(C15T1T2)

（有批改，6分）

开头段：  Currently, it is true that owning a home is more significant for people in some countries. I, personally, hold the firm belief that the pros outweigh the cons. The former are shown in providing a stable environment while the latter include offering an unstable environment.主体段1（原因）：  As for the reasons behind this phenomenon, the first one is that most adult people in traditional countries like China consider that a family is started by purchasing a home, because renting an apartment is more likely to be unstable. For example, the owner of a house could sell the house at any time and cut the contract, then the renters have to leave unexpectedly. The second reason to explain it is because the women's parents may not agree their daughters to marry the men who are just renting a home, which means these men will have a poor life quality. 主体段2（观点+利弊）：  In my opinion, owning a home is more significant, in particular, for the most Chinese adults who have already married. Several benefits can be found regarding owning a home. To start with, the house owners are offered by several financial advantages. Because they do not have to pay for the rent, and those individuals may use the money in a better place, such as improving their quality of life. Besides, the house prices is getting higher and higher in most areas of some countries, so they have a golden opportunity to earn more money if they sell the house. However, renting a house is more flexible for the young, they can move anywhere at anytime. Also, there is a chance to allow some individuals who cannot afford the whole price of accommodation to live in a place, such as young students, poor people and so on.结尾段：Based on the argumentation above, there are several reasons why people prefer to purchase their own homes instead of renting, and I would like to make my point clear that owning a home is better than renting one, because of the more positive effects.

• News media are important in modern society. Why are they so important? Are their influences positive or negative?

公司/工作

同意与否

• The spread of multinational companies and globalization produce positive effects on everyone. To what extent do you agree or dissagree?

（有批改）

开头段：  The development of golbal companies has become a focus of public attention. My perspective is that only some relevant people benefit from the international corporations because there are lots of advantages about it. The following essay will elaborate more about the relevant details.主体段1：  It is undeniable that the increasing numbers of multinational companies offer plenty of benefits to some people could bring positive consequences. To start with, according to the global economic system, it is beneficial for business men to develop their global companies, which means they can make more and more money because the cost is pretty low in some areas all over the world. Another benefit is that those firms can offer so many work opportunities for natives. For example, Apple, which is the largest and most successful electronic device company, spread their branches in China, then there were a large number of Chinese workers hired by Apple factories in China. 主体段2：  Nevertheless, there is no justification for regarding it as the most effective way, partly because local companies are suffocated by foreign companies because the global companies have more power and ability to control the market easily. Furthermore, not everyone is really concerned about how bad the business environment is, some individuals who are not in charge of commercial things or irrelevant employees just do not care about what happens.结尾段：  Based on the argumentation above, I would like to once again make my point clear that some bosses or commercial leaders or relevant employees should focus on those multinational companies, others should have the awareness of what is the most effective way to improve their life quality.

双边讨论

• Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign companies to set up offices and factories to help economic growth. Others believe they should keep these large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both thes views and give your own opinion.

追因求解

• Many people fail to achieve a balance between work and other parts of life. What causes the situation? How to overcome this problem?

• The world of work is changing rapidly, and people cannot depend on the same job or the same conditions of work for life. Discuss possible causes for this change and give your suggestions on how people should prepare for work in the future.

原因：

1. 社会发展速度越来越快，更新迭代中会快速淘汰许多工作和人；
2. 市场竞争激烈，很多公司因为经营不善而倒闭，从而导致员工失业；

解决方案：

1. 居安思危，不断学习来提升自己的核心竞争力；
2. 找到并发挥自己的优势，增强自己的应变能力；

组合

• Nowadays, some employers think formal academic qualifications are more important than life experiences or personal qualities when looking for an employee. Why is it the case? Is it a positive or negative development?

• An increasing number of people are changing carrers during the working life. What do you think the reasons? Do you think it is a positive or a negative development?

We are no longer free to depend on a single occupation, fewer people wish to work the same job day in and day out. Young workers are generally attracted by high salary and self-improvement in new job opportunities. Further, many enterprises have been experienced economic downturn, thus carrer-changing is sometimes inevitable.

• The young people in the workforce and changing their jobs or career every few years. What do you think are the reason? Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

主体段1：  On the one hand, many benefits can be found regarding replacing occupation regularly by the young.Firstly, it allows the young to try errors as soon as possible. Because a large number of individuals have totally no ideas about whether the current job is suitable perfectly.For example, someone had graduated from the university and he/she really wanted to find a job relate to their own majors, some students of computer science really want to have a job in international companies such as Apple, Facebook, and Google.They worked on that way and gained a job luckily , but a few days later they found that they do not enjoy the job, then they choose to quit the job, so they have a change to find their appropriate job.In addition, it could keep young people brave and independent with what is happening in the office or deal with their colleages.If they get angry when they think they are being treated disrespectfully or unfair, then they may not tolerate that and fire the boss.It is beneficial to acquire a better place where people can work harmoniously.主体段2：  However, the drawbacks brought by it should never be forgot, either.In the first place, people who change the job or career frequently cannot find their next job easily. If someone did that, it means reducing their loyalty in the, then they will have some troubles possibly.For example, someone quits the job immediately because she/he cannot tolerate the unfair stuff or something like that, so his/her resume will be rejected by the next interviewer by the faithfulness, it seems like their work experience is unstable.So the hireling should keep staying in a same company as long as they can. Besides, there is an important harmful behavior in the office which is heart of glass.It means people who cannot endure the disadvantageous things in the work area is weak and do not have the ability to survive alone, especially for those who live in the mega city, and it is harmful to self-growth.

环保

同意与否

• Some people think that companies and individuals, instead of the government, should pay to clear up the pollution they produced. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 随着企业与个人素质的提升，以及环境保护，每个人都应该出份力，应该花钱；
2. 一些个人与公司的时间有限，因此需要花钱来处理垃圾、污染物等；

不同意：

1. 企业与个人每年会缴纳高额的税，环境保护属于国家层面，需要国家拿钱；
2. 一些小微企业和穷人没有足够的钱来缴纳环境费用；

• The international community must act immediately to ensure that all countries reduce their consumption of fossil fuels, such as gas and oil. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 传统能源会造成大量坏境污染，应尽快使用新能源代替；
2. 传统能源大部分为不可再生资源，日益减少，需要尽快转型；

不同意：

1. 传统能源有着悠久的历史与成熟的产业链，无法快速转型；
2. 新能源的底层也是传统能源，例如电动汽车的电大量来自于烧煤；

双边讨论

• Government should make people responsible for looking after their own local environment. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
  观点：同意，政府就应该让当地人自己负责自己的环境。

正面论据理由：
A.当地环境好，当地人受益最大。The local people can benefit the most from it.所以会有很大的热情enthusiasm和积极性去做环境的保护。This local area and neighborhood is/are my home.

B.因为是自己努力创造的良好环境，当地人会用心维护这良好的环境状态endeavor to [maintain/keep it tidy]。

C.环境问题很可能是当地人在生产和发展和追求利益的过程中破坏的ruin the environment while going after benefits/profits. For example，制造业manufacturing会有废水废物的排放discharge the waste, which has poisoned the water source in some local areas。

让步论据和理由：
政府也不能完全不管，不能完全推给当地。Of course,政府有义务指导和帮助当地人保护环境，因为the government generally has more resources and funds to help and regulate.再反驳，Nevertheless，政府不必过多干预当地的环境治理，还是要让当地人自己主动保护和治理环境，政府可以适当给予一些资金和指导就可以。

[媒体/广告]（低频）

同意与否

• There is a tendency news reports in the media focus on problems and emergencies rather than positive developments. It is harmful to individual and society. Do you agree or disagree?

双边讨论

• Some people believe that newspaper is the best way to learn about news. While others believe that more effective ways is through other media.
  Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

犯罪

同意与否

• The best way to solve the increasing youth crime rate is to teach parents better parenting skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 孩子是父母的启蒙老师，父母更容易教育孩子；

不同意：

1. 青少年处于叛逆期，往往不会听父母的话；
2. 学校和社会更有责任教育孩子们不要走上犯罪的道路；

动物

同意与否

• It is a natural process for animal species to become extinct. There is no reason why people should stop this from happening. Do you agree or disagree?

同意：

1. 优胜劣汰，自然法则，无需人类干预；
2. 人类不是万能的，有一些情况人类无法干预，例如深海中的某种物种灭绝，可能人类甚至不知道这个物种；

不同意：

1. 大部分动物的灭绝与人类有关，例如破坏栖息地，污染等等，人类需要采取措施，减少对野生动物的影响。
2. 人类的能力越大责任越大，需要保护好野生动物，和谐共存。

追因求解

• Some people argue that all experimentation on animals is bad and should be outlawed.

However, others believe that important scientific discoveries can be made from animal experiments.

Can experimentation on animals be justified? Are there any alternatives?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience.

其他

组合

• Ambition is an important character for people who want to be successful in life. How important do you think it is for people who want to succeed? Is it a positive or negative character?